Apparatus for customer authentication of an item

ABSTRACT

An apparatus is provided for authentication of an item or a label by storing unique random serial numbers or codes in a remote secure storage that can be used to authenticate the item or the label, generating a pointer to each stored unique random serial number/code and storing the generated pointer(s) in a client data storage. During or prior to a production run of the item(s) or label(s): the generated pointer(s) are sent from the client data storage to one or more media devices, the generated pointer(s) are obtained from the media device using a post-content manager, the unique random serial number(s)/code(s) are obtained from the server via the post-content manager using the generated pointer(s), the obtained unique random serial number(s)/code(s) are sent to the media device, and the received unique random serial number(s)/code(s) are imprinted on the item(s) or the label(s) using the media device.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation patent application of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/038,304 filed on Mar. 1, 2011 andentitled “Apparatus for Customer Authentication of an Item”, which is acontinuation patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/573,873 filed on Oct. 5, 2009 and entitled “System and Method forCustomer Authentication of an Item”, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,941,376, whichis: (a) a non-provisional patent application of U.S. patent application61/102,814 filed on Oct. 3, 2008 and entitled “System and Method forCustomer Authentication of an Item”; (b) a continuation-in-part patentapplication of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/495,789 filed on Jun.30, 2009 and entitled “System, Method and Apparatus for ElectronicallyProtecting Data and Digital Content”, which is: (i) a non-provisionalpatent application of “U.S. provisional patent application 61/077,156filed on Jun. 30, 2008 and entitled “System, Method and Apparatus forElectronically Protecting Data and Digital Content”; and (ii) acontinuation-in-part patent application of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 11/378,549 filed on Mar. 16, 2006 and entitled “System, Method andApparatus for Electronically Protecting Data and Digital Content”, nowU.S. Pat. No. 7,937,579, which is a non-provisional patent applicationof U.S. provisional patent application 60/662,562 filed on Mar. 16, 2005and entitled “Managing Personally Identifiable Information” and U.S.provisional patent application 60/773,518 filed on Feb. 15, 2006 andentitled “Managing Personally Identifiable Information”. All of theforegoing patent applications and patents are hereby incorporated byreference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of computerizedcertification and, more particularly, to an apparatus for customerauthentication of an item.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The counterfeit and diversion of products and services is a globalproblem. One of the leading types of counterfeit products ispharmaceutical drugs that are falsely-labeled, have expired, have activeingredients that are diluted, adulterated, substituted, completelymisrepresented, or is sold under a false brand name. A person who uses acounterfeit drug may experience a number of dangerous consequences,including death.

Many counterfeit drugs came from countries that make legal drugs. In onecountry, for example, it is illegal to sell counterfeit drugs fordomestic use, but not illegal to manufacture and export them. As aresult, it is estimated that 75% of counterfeit drugs come from thiscountry. At the same time, this country also is a leading supplier ofhigh quality drugs sold by legitimate drug manufacturers, including mostleading brand name drugs sold in the US and Europe.

The full extent of the problem is unknown. It is estimated that as muchas 10% of drugs sold worldwide are counterfeit, and in some countries,this number may exceed 50%. In 2003, the World Health Organizationestimated that the annual cost of counterfeit drugs exceeded US $32billion.

There are several technologies that attempt to combat these problems.One is based on RFID tags and requires special equipment. Another iscalled ePedigree and is being promoted by the U.S. Food and DrugAdministration. ePedigree tracks drugs from manufacturers to pharmaciesand is designed to prevent the counterfeiting or diversion of drugs byallowing wholesalers and pharmacists to determine the identity anddosage of individual products. The 2006 Compliance Policy Guide for thePrescription Drug Marketing Act stated that “a drug pedigree is astatement of origin that identifies each prior sale, purchase, or tradeof a drug, including the date of those transactions and the names andaddresses of all parties to them.”

As of 2008, most U.S. states had some sort of ePedigree requirement.However, these are little more than requiring pharmaceutical supplychain companies to provide audit reports. ePedigree laws continue tochange rapidly and some states are pushing out deadlines by many years.

While ePedigree looks promising, it has many serious flaws asillustrated by its implementation by a major U.S. software provider:

-   -   ePedigree systems require an industrial-strength supply chain        infrastructure. Deployment requires things like SAP-based ERP        systems requiring millions of dollars and years of deployment.        ePedigree is an expensive sledge hammer to crack millions of        little peanuts.    -   ePedigree focuses on pallets and packages and not on bottles or        even individual pills in bottles.    -   ePedigree does not police bad actors in the entire supply chain.        For example, any retailer can still substitute counterfeit        products if it makes economic sense.    -   ePedigree requires special equipment like barcode and RFID        readers to read serial numbers.    -   Software providers are waiting to deploy RFID technology because        the costs for secure tags remain too high for wide adoption.    -   Another ePedigree flaw may be the numbering scheme—in spite of        the huge infrastructure costs, France is already running out of        serial numbers.    -   ePedigree does nothing to protect the information systems that        protect the products and services. This invites bad actors to        circumvent ePedigree by breaking into tracking systems in order        to manipulate the information related to manufacturers,        distributers, retailers, doctors, and patients.    -   ePedigree does not have baked-in controls and incentives. For        example, it does not permit a consumer to rate the integrity a        retailer, which would put huge pressure on the retailer to sell        legitimate products. There is also no tie-in with        law-enforcement when things go obviously wrong.    -   Finally, ePedigree is only tuned for pharmaceutical drug        products.

As a result, many firms are opposed to ePedigree. One called deploymentcosts “overwhelming” and has put the entire project on hold. In fact,the deadline to meet California's requirements may be delayed back to2015 due to pressure from the pharmaceutical industry. ePedigree is anexpensive, complex extension to current supply-chain systems for largecorporations. It offers virtually nothing for counterfeit or diversionproblems outside North America, nor the problems facing the vastmajority of businesses in the global marketplace.

As a result, there is a need for a simpler, less expensive way to combatcounterfeit and diversion problems for all products and services.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an apparatus permitting anyone with Web,instant messaging, or phone access to immediately certify that a productor service is authentic. This can be done by any consumer before anypurchase is made. Certification can fail for any number of reasons,including the item's serial number being unknown, an identical item hasbeen previously sold, an item's expiration date has expired, an item isbeing sold at the wrong location, or an item's batch has been rejected.As a result, the present invention provides a simpler, less expensiveway to combat counterfeit and diversion problems for all products andservices. The present invention may provide one or more of the followingbenefits:

-   -   Where deployment is measured in months rather than years, and        does not require government standards or support.    -   That can economically track bottles or individual pills in        bottles.    -   That polices bad actors in the supply chain so that no one        retailer or rogue employee can substitute counterfeit products        when it makes economic sense.    -   That does not require special equipment like barcode and RFID        readers and can be used anywhere by anyone at any time.    -   That is economical with current RFID technologies rather than        having to wait for new RFID technologies and manufacturing        volumes to lower costs.    -   That does not run out of numbers.    -   That protects the information systems that support and manage        ePedigree.    -   That has baked-in controls and incentives, such as the ability        for consumer to rate the integrity of retailer to only sell        legitimate products, and real-time tie-ins with law-enforcement        when things go wrong.    -   That is economic for any product or service, not just        pharmaceuticals

The present invention provides an apparatus for electronically storingglobally unique serial numbers in a way that protects individualproducts and services so that they can be protected, monitored,controlled, paid for, or even destroyed, as determined by the primarymanufacturer or owner. It does not require, but may be further enhancedby existing technologies, including access control systems, encryption,SSL, and VPNs. The present invention is based on the separation ofduties and seamless integration at a later time with the properauthentication. The present invention is unique because it puts thequality of all products and services in a supply chain directly into thehands of any individual, particularly consumers. While certaincomponents of the present invention, such as its use of serial numbers,appear to be obvious and common, these components are used in a new andunique way to solve global problems that currently remain unsolved byfar more complex inventions.

The present invention provides an apparatus for authentication of anitem or a label that includes a communications interface to a remoteserver having a secure storage, a client data storage, one or more mediadevices communicably coupled to the data storage, and a post-contentmanager communicably coupled with the server via the communicationsinterface and the media device. The remote server stores one or moreunique random serial numbers or codes in the secure storage that can beused to authenticate the item or the label and generates a pointer toeach stored unique random serial number or code. The generatedpointer(s) are stored on the client data storage. During or prior to aproduction run of the item(s) or label(s): (a) the post-content managerobtains the generated pointer(s) from the media device, obtains theunique random serial number(s) or code(s) from the server using thegenerated pointer(s), and transmits the obtained unique random serialnumber(s) or code(s) to the one or more media devices, and (b) the mediadevice imprint the received unique random serial number(s) or code(s) onthe item(s) or the label(s).

The present invention is described in detail below with reference to theaccompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and further advantages of the invention may be betterunderstood by referring to the following description in conjunction withthe accompanying drawings, in which:

FIGS. 1A and 1B are block diagrams of a method for protecting sensitivedata in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a server-client system in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is an example of sensitive fields in client storage in accordancewith one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates a screen that accepts the definitions of the system,table, and fields in client storage that contain sensitive data inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of FIG. 3 in client storage afterconversion in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 illustrates the conversion process in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 illustrates the authentication process in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates how stolen data or a stolen device does not containany sensitive data in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 9 illustrates a Password Manager application in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 illustrates how plug-ins are used to examine and control contentmanager requests in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 11 illustrates how the content manager processes a request to get arecord from client storage in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 12 illustrates how each content manager request to get sensitivedata is processed on the secure server in accordance with one embodimentof the invention;

FIG. 13 illustrates how content manager processes a request to put arecord in client storage in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 14 illustrates how each content manager request to put sensitivedata is processed on secure server in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention;

FIG. 15 illustrates how the storage manager uses random pointer andindex to locate the sensitive data in secure storage in accordance withone embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 16 illustrates how the index takes a random pointer from storagemanager and uses it to locate an address in index in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 17 illustrates two event types received or detected by the eventsmanager in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 18 illustrates how the present invention can be used by amanufacturing client to remove critical components of, say, a DVD sothat the DVD may be previewed but not played in full;

FIG. 19 illustrates tracking data to enable a unique type of forensicanalysis in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 20 illustrates how the compliance problems with governmentalregulations and how outsourcing problems are solved in accordance withthe present invention;

FIG. 21 illustrates a typical screen that accesses data in accordancewith the present invention;

FIG. 22 illustrate how the present invention protects sensitive data ina way that is transparent and seamless to the enterprise databaseapplications;

FIGS. 23, 24A and 24B illustrate protecting sensitive data in Microsoft®Excel® files in accordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 25A, 25B and 25C illustrate looking for one or more links in adigital content file being protected in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIGS. 26-32 illustrate protecting sensitive data in a data broker orfirm client environment in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 33 is a block diagram of a server-client system in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 34 is a flowchart illustrating the decision process of the deviceprocessing sensitive information in one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 35 is a block diagram of a server-client system in accordance withanother embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 36 is a screen layout of a program used to control the presentinvention;

FIG. 37 is a report layout produced by the present invention;

FIG. 38 is a block diagram that illustrates how multiple clientapplications may access the same information in secure storage;

FIG. 39 illustrates how a single root document in secure storage may beused by multiple client applications;

FIG. 40 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 41 is a screen and printout of a message in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 42 is a screen layout used to control one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 43 is a block diagram of the protection coverage in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 44 is one embodiment of a GIF image file that is loaded when anExcel® file is loaded without the plug-in.

FIG. 45 is a block diagram of a server-client system for authenticatingan item or label in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 46 is a block diagram of a server-client system for authenticatingan item or label in accordance with another embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 47A-C illustrate three labels that may be attached to a product orservice in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 48A illustrates how counterfeit or diverted products are identifiedin accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 48B illustrates how counterfeit or diverted services are identifiedin accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 49 is a flowchart that illustrates the sequence of questions andactions taken during a phone call from a person trying to certify thevalidity of a product or service in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention; and

FIG. 50 illustrates the database tables managing one embodiment of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

While the making and using of various embodiments of the presentinvention are discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated thatthe present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts thatcan be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specificembodiments discussed herein are merely illustrative of specific ways tomake and use the invention and do not delimit the scope of theinvention. The discussion herein relates primarily to the protection ofproducts and services, but it will be understood that the concepts ofthe present invention are applicable to any system where products orservices are at risk.

The present invention provides a system and method for electronicallystoring globally unique serial numbers in a way that protects individualproducts and services so that they can be protected, monitored,controlled, paid for, or even destroyed, as determined by the primarymanufacturer or owner. It does not require, but may be further enhancedby existing technologies, including access control systems, encryption,SSL, and VPNs. The present invention is based on the separation ofduties and seamless integration at a later time with the properauthentication. The present invention is unique because it puts thequality of all products and services in a supply chain directly into thehands of any individual, particularly consumers. While certaincomponents of the present invention, such as its use of serial numbers,appear to be obvious and common, these components are used in a new andunique way to solve global problems that currently remain unsolved byfar more complex inventions.

Now referring to FIG. 1A, a block diagram of a method 100 a forprotecting sensitive data in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention is shown. The sensitive data is extracted from a datastorage on a client 102 in block 106 and the extracted data is sent to aserver 104 for storage in block 108. The sensitive data may includepersonal data, financial data, corporate data, legal data, governmentdata, police data, immigration data, military data, intelligence data,security data, surveillance data, technical data, copyrighted content ora combination thereof. The server 104 receives the extracted data fromthe client 102 in block 110 and stores the extracted data to a securestorage on the server 104 in block 112. One or more pointers to theextracted data are generated in block 114 and the one or more pointersare sent to the client 102 in block 116. The pointer(s) may includerandom data that is of a same data type as the sensitive data.Furthermore and as shown in FIG. 1B, the pointer(s) is subsequently usedto access the sensitive data after proper authentication. The client 102receives the pointer(s) indicating where the extracted data has beenstored in block 118 and then replaces the sensitive data on the datastorage on the client 102 with the pointer(s) in block 120. Note thatall the methods and processes described herein can be implemented usinga computer program embodied on a computer readable medium wherein thesteps are executed by one or more code segments. In addition, thecommunications between the server 104 and the client 102 can beencrypted using well known techniques.

Referring now to FIG. 1B, a block diagram of a method 100 b forprotecting sensitive data in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention is shown. The client 102 receives a request (first)for data stored on the data storage of the client 102 in block 150 anddetermines whether the requested data includes the sensitive data indecision block 152. If the requested data does not include the sensitivedata, as determined in decision block 152, the requested data isprovided in block 154. If, however, the requested data includes thesensitive data, as determined in decision block 152, a request (second)containing the pointer(s) to the sensitive data is sent to the server104 in block 156 and the request (second) containing the pointer(s) tothe sensitive data is received from the client 102 in block 158. If therequest and pointer(s) are authentic, as determined in decision block160, the sensitive data is retrieved using the pointer(s) in block 162and the retrieved sensitive data is sent to the client 102 in block 164.The client 102 receives the sensitive data from the server 104 in block168 and provides the requested data in block 154. If, however, therequest or the pointer(s) are not authentic, as determined in decisionblock 160, a response denying the request (second) is sent to the client102 in block 170. The client 102 receives the response denying therequest (second) in block 172 and denies access to the requested data inblock 174. An unauthorized attempt to access or use the sensitive datamay result in various events being triggered, such as alarms orautomatic notifications. Moreover, all these transactions can be loggedto create an audit trail. Furthermore, the received sensitiveinformation still may be restricted in that it may only be viewed orused in an authorized application. In other words, the receivedsensitive information cannot be further transferred or stored. Access toand storage of the sensitive data can be governed by one or more rules.

Now referring to FIG. 2, a block diagram of a server-client system 200in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention is shown. Thesystem 200 includes one or more clients 202 and a server 204communicably coupled to the one or more clients 202. The client 202 isany device or system that stores sensitive data and then accesses it(e.g., a computer, a laptop computer, a handheld computer, a desktopcomputer, a workstation, a data terminal, a phone, a mobile phone, apersonal data assistant, a media player, a gaming console, a securitydevice, a surveillance device or a combination thereof). This could beanything from a small client like a cell phone right up to a largeenterprise system. Each client 202 has client storage 206 and a contentmanager 208 that extracts the sensitive data from the data storage 206,sends the extracted data to the server 204 for storage, receives apointer indicating where the extracted data has been stored and replacesthe sensitive data on the data storage 206 with the pointer. The server204 receives the extracted data from the client 202, stores theextracted data to a secure storage 210, generates the pointer and sendsthe pointer to the client 202. The server 204 can be communicablycoupled to the one or more clients 202 via a computer network, atelecommunications network, a wireless communications link, a physicalconnection, a landline, a satellite communications link, an opticalcommunications link, a cellular network or a combination thereof. Notethat communications between the server 204 and the client 202 can beencrypted using well known techniques.

The server 204 includes an application program interface (API) layer212, an authentication layer 214 coupled to the application programlayer 212, a plug-in layer 216 coupled to the authentication layer 214,a data layer 218 coupled to the plug-in layer 216 and an events layer220 coupled to the data layer 218, the plug-in layer 216 and theauthentication layer 214.

The client 202 includes a data storage or client storage 206, one ormore applications 222, a communications interface (caching) 224 to aremote server 204 having a secure storage 210, and a content manager 208communicably coupled to the data storage 206, the one or moreapplications 222 and the communications interface (caching) 224. Thecontent manager 208 controls access to the data storage 206, extractsthe sensitive data from the data storage 206, sends the extracted datato the remote server 204 for storage via the communications interface(caching) 224, receives a pointer(s) indicating where the extracted datahas been stored and replaces the sensitive data on the data storage 206with the pointer(s). The content manager 208 also receives a firstrequest from the one or more applications 222 for data stored on thedata storage 206, and determines whether the requested data includes thesensitive data and provides the requested data to the one or moreapplications 222 whenever the requested data does not include thesensitive data. The content manager 208 performs the following stepswhenever the requested data includes the sensitive data: sends a secondrequest containing the pointer(s) to the server 204 that authenticatesthe second request, denies the first request whenever the authenticationfails, and receives and provides the sensitive data to the one or moreapplications 222 whenever the authentication succeeds.

As a result, the present invention removes sensitive data from clientstorage 206 and transfers it to secure server 204. The content manager208 is placed between the application 222 and client storage 206 so thatthe sensitive data can be merged back in a manner that is seamless andtransparent to the application 222. The content manager 208 is a newtype of client middleware that protects personal, sensitive, and/orcopyright content from being used in an unauthorized manner.

The content manager 208 and API layer 212 of the secure server 204communicate via XML, EDI, or any other communication protocol 226. TheAPI layer 212 also includes an API table 236. Caching 224 may be used tospeed up communication, or temporarily store sensitive data when theclient 202 is not connected to the secure server 204.

A one-time process extracts the sensitive data in client storage 206 andsends it to secure storage 210 in the secure server 204. In return, thesecure server 204 generates one or more pointers that indicate where insecure storage 210 the sensitive data has been stored. This pointer isreturned to the content manager 208 and replaces the original sensitivedata in client storage 206. One preferred embodiment for this pointer israndom data, generated by a plug-in, with the same type as the sensitivedata that it is replacing. This pointer is later used by the contentmanager 208 to get sensitive data from or put sensitive data back intothe secure server 204.

After this one-time process, each time the application 222 accessesclient storage, the content manager 208 checks to see if the request isfor sensitive data. If it is not, then the request is processed in theregular manner. If the access involves sensitive data, then the contentmanager 208 passes the pointer in client storage 206 to the secureserver 204. The sensitive data is got from or put in secure storageaccording to the rules 228 in the authentication layer 214 and/orplug-ins 230 in the plug-ins layer 216.

The secure server 204 authenticates all client requests in theauthentication layer 214, which includes an authentication table 238.Authentication is based on rules 228 that are stored in the secureserver 204. For example, a rule could require a specific hardware devicebe used during business hours with biometric access. Provision is madeto integrate the present invention with other access control systems. Ifauthentication fails, then the request is processed by the eventsmanager 232. The events manager 232 provides additional processingcapabilities for taking specific protection actions, sending an alarm240 to notify people, updating audit trails 242, and other eventrequirements.

An authenticated request is passed to the plug-ins layer 216, whichincludes plug-in table 244, for processing. Plug-ins 230 provideadditional processing capabilities for specific regulations, industries,devices, applications, and other processing needs. The majority ofplug-in requests are passed to the data layer 218. Some plug-ins 230provide additional support for the secure server 204, such as generatingrandom index values for client storage 206, or processing specialrequests that the owner of the client 202 wants to outsource to atrusted firm, such as storing critical encryption keys in a safe,protected manner. The data layer 218 is controlled by the storagemanager 234 where pointers are used to get sensitive data from or putsensitive data in secure storage 210. The data layer 218 also includesan index 246.

Securing Data and Digital Content

Once a table in client storage 206 has been identified as needing thepresent invention, certain steps are taken to protect it. In thepreferred embodiment, the sensitive data in client storage 206 istransferred to secure storage 210 with the following steps:

-   -   Referring to FIG. 3, an example of sensitive fields 300 in        client storage 206 are shown. In this example, SSN 302, DOB 304,        Name 306, and Address 308 need protection; whereas Employee        Number 310, City 312, State 314 and Zip Code 316 do not need        protection.    -   Referring to FIG. 4, a screen 400 accepts the definitions of the        system 402, table 404, and fields 406 in client storage 206 that        contain sensitive data. These definitions are stored in client        storage 206 and/or plug-in table 244.    -   The sensitive data in the defined fields (402, 404 and 406) are        removed from table in client storage 206, the fields in client        storage 206 are replaced with random pointers, and the sensitive        data is transferred to the secure storage 210.

These same definitions are later used by content manager 208,authentication 214, plug-ins 216, and storage manager 234 to accesssensitive data in the index 246 and secure server 204, as well as moveit to and from the application 222.

One embodiment of these field definitions can be seen in FIG. 4. Thedefinitions for each sensitive data field include:

-   -   The system name 402, such as Human Resources.    -   The table name 404 in the system, such as HR101.    -   The field name 406 in the table, such as SSN (Social Security        Number).    -   The pointer type 408, such as random data 410 generated by a        plug-in 230, an encrypted value 412, or a combination 414.    -   If the pointer is to be unique 416 in the current system 418 or        for all systems 420 in the secure server 204.    -   If auto version control 422 is required to make unique copies of        the sensitive data in the secure server 204.    -   If caching 424 on the client 202 is to be used for this field.        Answering Yes increases accessibility but may reduce security        because client storage 206 and sensitive data from secure        storage 210 are on the same device.    -   If sensitive data fields are to be split 426, and what process        to use. For example, the first 4 bits of each byte may be stored        in one physical location of secure storage 210 and the other 4        bits of each byte stored on another physical location of secure        storage 210. This and other methods obfuscate sensitive data to        reduce the chance of a single trusted person having access to        all sensitive data.    -   The process or processes to use if the sensitive data is to be        mirrored 428 on more than one physical copy of secure storage        210.    -   The process or processes to use if additional forensics data 430        is to be stored about this field in secure storage 210. This can        be later used to determine the who, what, when, where, and why        sensitive data was given.    -   The process or processes to use if authentication fails 432.        Examples include returning a blank value, a dummy value, or        taking specific action.    -   What plug-in(s) 434 to perform before the content manager's 208        request is processed by storage manager 234.    -   What plug-in(s) 436 to perform after the content manager's 208        request is processed by storage manager 234.

After conversion is complete, the table 320 in client storage 206 isshown in FIG. 5, and the steps 600 taken are shown in FIG. 6. Eachrecord has been examined and the sensitive fields have been moved fromclient storage 206 to secure storage 218. A plug-in 230 has generated aunique random pointer and passed it back to the content manager 208where it replaced the original sensitive field. The random pointer wasthen stored in index in a way that permitted rapid access to thesensitive field. Note that each random pointer in the table used samefield type as the sensitive data that it replaced. This made the presentinvention transparent and seamless to the client application 222.

Client Storage and Communications Security

The table in client storage 206 no longer contains sensitive data andthe field values do not use encryption that can be analyzed in any way.The original sensitive data can only be obtained by having contentmanager 208 pass the random pointer to the secure server 204.

In the preferred embodiment, communication between the client 202 andsecure server 204 is an SSL/TLS encryption tunnel.

All data stored in client memory (echo, page files, unallocated space)is single or double encrypted. One preferred embodiment encrypts alldata before it is transmitted to the secure server 204. This data isalso encrypted on the secure server 204. The use of stream cyphers forencryption allows the encrypted keys to be updated out of order, so thatthe data is never in the clear on the secure server 204.

Note that more complex security methods can be added to client storage206, content manager 208, client memory, communications with secureserver 204, and/or secure storage 210.

Content Manager

Content manager 208 seamlessly monitors requests from the application222 to client storage 206. If the request is for sensitive data, thecontent manager 208 seamlessly gets sensitive data from or putssensitive data in secure storage 210.

Content manager 208 also manages all communication with plug-ins 230.This could be to receive new random pointes, update new software and/orinstructions, or any other process.

Client Caching

Caching 224 may be used by client 202 to speed access between thecontent manager 208 and secure server 204. It can also be used totemporarily store sensitive data from secure storage 210 when the client202 is not connected to the secure server 204. This enables theapplication 222 to operate when the user is not connected to the secureserver 204, such as on a plane.

Note that encrypted in-memory caching using a tool such as OpenSSL canalso be used. One preferred embodiment keeps all cached data in memoryin a way that its contents are not permanently stored on the client 202and are automatically erased when the client device is turned off.

API Layer—How Clients Access the Secure Server

The secure server's 204 API layer 212 communicates with client devicesvia XML, EDI, or any other communication protocol 226 as defined by APItable 236. This enables the present invention to protect sensitive dataon any connected device, platform, or application. For example, a humanresources system might run on an Oracle platform while a payroll systemmight run on a Sybase platform.

Note that the present invention can be used to store common sensitivedata on the secure server 204 so that it is centrally located and easilyaccessed by all applications as regulations and business practiceschange. The present invention adds cross-platform interoperability andflexibility to existing legacy and enterprise systems for the data thatis currently at most risk to process change.

Note that the present invention can also be used to centralizesensitive, critical, or complex data that is likely to be affected bynew regulations. For example, a Federal Trade Commission's Data DisposalRule permits individuals to contact companies that have collected theircredit data. Individuals may request that these companies permanentlydispose of this data, which could be stored in multiple servers runningmultiple applications. The present invention gives companies new toolsto centrally store and manage this type of data so that it can be, inthis example, easily located and disposed of.

Authentication Layer—Who Has Access

The authentication layer 214 validates all access to plug-ins 230 andsecure storage 210, including all requests from content manager 208. Onepreferred embodiment is storing the authentication rules inauthentication table 238 that include:

-   -   Who has access, including authorized user names, types of        authentication permitted, authentication values such as        passwords and biometric data.    -   What applications and systems each user may access.    -   When each user may access, including hours of the day and days        of the week, as well as how often each user must        re-authenticate.    -   Where each user must access from, such as VPN addresses or        specific device identifiers.    -   Why each user has access so that suspicious behavior can be        examined.    -   What action must be taken when authentication fails. This can be        as simple as logging the request and suggesting the user enter a        new password to notifying a supervisor and downloading code so        the client's content manager 208 can destroy the client storage        206 and client hardware.

In the preferred embodiment, the authentication rules 228 are dependanton the user, how much protection is required by the application 222, andthe type of sensitive data that is in secure storage 210. Weakauthentication could be a simple password entered on a laptop clientrunning the application 222. Strong authentication could be a biometricfingerprint device on a specific laptop that can only be used at certaintimes of the day, and only while the user's finger remains on thebiometric device. Referring to FIG. 7, authentication is dependant onrules defined in the authentication table 238.

Note that the present invention can also be used authenticate with othermethods. Authentication could be, for example, by system, table, and/orfield name. For example, a global rule for all Social Security Numberfields can be set, irrespective of who is accessing the secure server204.

Referring to FIG. 8, stolen data or a stolen device does not contain anysensitive data when the present invention is used because the sensitivedata has been moved to the secure server 204 in a way that istransparent to the application 222. The only way to retrieve thesensitive data is to run the application 222 and content manager 208. Asa result, parts of the device are now “transparently dumb” and can beused by the application 222 in a seamless manner 800. If the device hasbeen reported as stolen 802, or if authentication fails 804, thenappropriate action is taken by events manager 232, which could includewarning alarms, denial of the request, and/or downloading code to theclient content manager 208 that monitors behavior and/or destroys dataand/or the client hardware.

Another embodiment of the present invention extends current Webauthentication systems. Referring to FIG. 9, a Password Managerapplication 900 collects and stores sensitive data (User ID 902,Password 904) in secure storage 210. Using strong authentication, suchas with a biometric device, the Password Manager application 900 enablessingle-click sign-on to any Website. This is done by:

-   -   The user authenticating with Password Manager 900.    -   The Password Manager application 900 getting the User ID 902 and        Password 904 from secure storage 210.    -   The Password Manager application 900 passing this to a browser        application.    -   The browser application using this to sign-on to the desired        Website.        Note that this Password Manager application 900 is an example of        when archiving is not required on the secure server 204 because        when a password changes the previous value is not required, so        the new value may override the previous one.

Plug-Ins Layer

Plug-ins 230 process authenticated requests from content manager 208.Referring to FIG. 10, plug-ins 230 are used to examine and controlcontent manager 208 requests before and after storage manager 234 getssensitive data from or puts sensitive data in secure storage 210.

Plug-ins 230 work with their own API's that permit any process orprogram to extend the capabilities of the present invention. Forexample, Sarbanes-Oxley compliance is so expensive that it can bemeasured as a percent of total revenue. Some of these costs involveauditing who has access to what sensitive data. In spite of theseauditing controls, there is no audit or firewall that will prevent atrusted employee from copying sensitive data to, say, a flash drive forillegal purposes. The present invention ensures that the data copiedfrom client storage 206 contains no sensitive data. Plug-ins 230 ensurethat all access to the sensitive data in secure server 204 can beexamined, denied, enhanced, and/or logged in an audit trail as needed.

Plug-ins 230 work in different ways. Pre processing plus-ins examinerequests before sensitive data is got from or put in secure storage 210.Control may or may not then be passed to the data layer. Post processingplug-ins examine the results after data has been got from or put insecure storage 210. Plug-ins 230 may store temporary or permanentinstructions or values in plug-in table 244 or external tables asneeded. Plug-ins 230 may deny, enhance, or act on any request.

Plug-ins 230 embodiments may be used to:

-   -   Look for suspicious behavior.    -   Count how sensitive data is accessed for billing purposes.    -   Ensure that outsourced sensitive data is properly used.    -   Guard against triangulation or inference attacks.    -   Integrate with other third party access control systems to        enhance the authentication process in the present invention.    -   Log all access to specific sensitive data, such as a trade        secret or a SSN.    -   Assure compliance with regulations, such as SOX, HIPAA, GLB, the        EU Data Directive, Homeland Security, SB-1386, or any new        regulation.    -   Monitor access to dummy data intentionally stored where it can        be stolen. This enables a new type of “honey pot” that could        yield valuable information about how stolen data is traded or        sold. The plug-in 230 could instruct the requesting content        manager 208 to send additional data about the client 202 for law        enforcement officers.    -   Send a client's content manager 208 additional code for version        control, feature update, forensic analysis, behavioral tracking,        data destruction, hardware destruction, or any other purpose.    -   Send any other process to the content manager 208 that is        required by a specific industry expert, revenue model, or other        custom purpose. Note that this can be sent at any time, thus        allowing the rules for access to client storage 206 to be        modified retroactively. The Holy Grail of security, as defined        by the Center of Democracy and Technology, is the ability to        control sensitive data after it has been released to others.        Plug-ins 230 enable this.    -   Generate random numbers and characters to provide content        managers 208 with unique pointers that replace sensitive data in        secure storage 210. This is an example of a plug-in 230 that        does not call storage manager 234, but returns a random pointer        to content manager 208.    -   Many firms use outsourcing as a way to manage increasing costs.        For example, inventory control has traditionally been considered        a core capability, but increasing services from firms like UPS        and FedEx permit freight companies to manage a firm's inventory.        In the same way, the increasing costs and skill required to        manage sensitive data makes this process an outsourcing        candidate. Plug-ins 230 provide the framework for trusted firms        to manage sensitive data as well as many of the applications 222        that access this sensitive data. For example, an auditing firm        could process a client's human resources while providing        assurances that Sarbanes-Oxley, HIPAA, GLB, and all other        regulations are being met. This provides new revenue models for,        say, auditing firms while permitting their client firms to        reduce liabilities, save money, and focus on their core        capabilities.    -   Another plug-in 230 example is for firms that manage sensitive        data that must be sent overseas for outsourced applications.        This permits outsourcing to continue without the need to send        large amounts of sensitive data overseas.    -   Another is for as firm that uses the present invention to store        critical encryption keys or other critical components of a        client application 222. In this embodiment, plug-ins 230 could        use secure server 204 or its own storage to archive these keys        and/or critical components. This value-added service could        prevent a catastrophic loss of data if the encryption keys or        critical data is lost by a firm.    -   Another is logging critical encryption keys for safe storage.    -   At regular intervals set by a system administrator, a plug-in        230 can contact one or more client devices 202 to ensure that        they are still connected to the secure server 204. If they are        not, then the plug-in 230 and/or events manager 232 can take the        appropriate action. For example, access can disallowed and a        supervisor can be notified. In another preferred embodiment, the        content manager 208 can notify a plug-in 230 at regular        intervals.        Plug-ins 230 turn the capabilities of the present invention into        a flexible, open platform for many uses related to data        security, tracking, revenue, theft, forensics, and resolution.        Data Layer—Getting Sensitive Data from the Secure Server

When application 222 gets records from client storage 206, itcommunicates with content manager 208 in a way that is transparent andseamless in most cases, thus requiring no program changes in application222 (if changes are required, they are discussed in Enterprise SystemUpgrades).

FIG. 11 describes one embodiment of how the content manager 208processes a request to get a record from client storage 206. Each fieldis examined by content manager 208. If the field contains a randompointer, it is passed to the secure server 204 and, with correctauthentication, gets sensitive data back that is then put back into thefield. When all fields have been examined, the record is released to theapplication 222. Note that the record with sensitive data is not put inclient storage 206.

FIG. 12 illustrates how each content manager 208 request to getsensitive data is processed on the secure server 204. If the requestdoes not authenticate, then the events manager 232 is notified so thatthe appropriate action(s) are be taken and/or error condition(s) set.Error values may be a blank value, an erroneous value, or any othervalue as defined by a system administrator.

If the request does authenticate, then one or more pre-processingplug-ins 230 may be executed, the storage manager 234 uses pointer andindex to locate the sensitive data in secure storage 210, and one ormore post-processing plus-ins 230 may be executed. If there are no errorconditions from the plug-ins 230 or retrieval, the sensitive data isreleased to the content manager 208. In another preferred embodiment,multiple fields may be retrieved from secure server 204 at once ratherthan one at a time.

Data Layer—Putting Sensitive in the Secure Server

When the application 222 wants to put records in client storage 206, itcommunicates with content manager 208 in a way that is transparent andseamless, thus requiring no program changes in application 222 (ifchanges are required, they are discussed in Enterprise System Upgrades).

FIG. 13 describes one embodiment of how content manager 208 processes arequest to put a record in client storage 206. Each field is examined bycontent manager 208. If the field contains sensitive data, it is passedto the secure server 204 and, with correct authentication, receives arandom pointer that replaces the sensitive data. When all fields havebeen examined, the record is put in client storage 206. Note that thesensitive data is not put in client storage 206.

FIG. 14 illustrates how each content manager 208 request to putsensitive data is processed on secure server 204. If the request doesnot authenticate, the events manager 232 is notified so that theappropriate action(s) are be taken and/or error condition(s) set. Thiserror value may be a blank value, an erroneous value, or any other valueas defined by a system administrator.

If the request does authenticate, then one or more pre-processingplug-ins 230 may be executed. The storage manager 234 determines thefollowing: if automatic archiving is required, then a new random pointeris generated by a plug-in 230 and updated in index 246. If automaticarchiving is not required, then the same random pointer is used. Thesensitive data is put in secure storage 210. One or more post-processingplus-ins 230 may be executed, and the random pointer is returned to thecontent manger 208.

Applications that do not require archiving in secure storage 210 includePassword Manager because old passwords are never needed. Mostapplications will require archiving because data may be shared,backed-up, or have multiple versions in use at the same time. In thiscase, each version of each table in client storage 206 must be able toretrieve its original sensitive data from secure server 204. In anotherpreferred embodiment, multiple fields may be put in secure server 204 atonce rather than one at a time.

Storage Manager

Storage manager 234 gets sensitive data from and puts sensitive data insecure storage 210. Storage manager 234 uses index 246 to rapidlydetermine the correct location in secure storage 210. Index 246 mayinclude any method, including indexing or hashing. For example, FIG. 15illustrates how the storage manager 234 uses random pointer and index246 to locate the sensitive data in secure storage 210. Each item, suchas SSN 302, DOB 304, Name 306, and Address 308, is put in a separatelocation in secure server 204. This ensures that triangulation andinference attacks cannot glean sensitive data from the relationship ofdifferent values.

For example, some statisticians have shown that knowing a person's dateof birth and five digit zip code uniquely identifies them over 90% ofthe time. The present invention prevents this because date of birth andzip code are not put in index 246 or secure storage 210 in a way thatcan be associated.

Index

FIG. 16 illustrates how the index 246 takes a random pointer fromstorage manager 234 and uses it to locate an address in index 246. Thisaddress contains sensitive data in secure storage 210. In the preferredembodiment, index 246 is any indexing method that permits using therandom pointer to rapidly access the address in secure storage 210 ofthe desired sensitive data.

Index 246 may be stored across multiple physical servers to reduce thechance that a single trusted person would have access to pointers thatcould reconstruct an entire record from client storage 206.

Secure Storage

Referring back to FIG. 2, index 246 and secure storage 210 are shown assingle files. Other preferred embodiments may include a combination ofthe following:

-   -   Mirrored files in separate physical servers. This protects        against hardware, power, or environmental failure.    -   Index 246 or sensitive data fields in secure storage being        stored randomly on different physical servers. This protects        against a single trusted person having access to all of the        index 246 or sensitive data in secure storage 210.    -   Sensitive data fields being split so that that, say, the first 4        bits of each byte is stored in one physical server and the other        4 bits of each byte stored on another physical server. This        protects against a single trusted person having access to a        sensitive data field.    -   Encrypting the data on the client side and on the server side        with different keys that are never exchanged. The server keys        would be stored in a different location from the data.

Another embodiment to obfuscate sensitive data fields using bitseparation to split the data into separate components is described:

-   -   Generate n−1 bit strings, where n is less than the number of        bits in the original data, to separate the data into n separate        pieces. For example using the original bit string 1011,        separating into 3 parts would require 2 mask bit strings (1010,        0110).    -   To get string part 1 AND the original bit string with the first        mask string (1011 AND 1010=1010).    -   Next, calculate the remainder by XORing the original bit string        with string part 1 (1011 XOR 1010=0001).    -   Next take the remainder and AND that with string part 2 (0001        AND 0110=0000).    -   Then calculate the reminder by XORing the previous reminder with        string part 2 (0000 XOR 0001) to product the final string part.    -   This result in 3 string parts (1010, 0000, 0001) which can then        be XORed together in any order to reproduce the original data.        Also any string part that is all 0's can be discarded to save        space.

Note that index 246 and secure storage 210 can be used to design newways to ensure that sensitive data is always stored in a way that issafe from hardware, power, environmental, or intentional human failures.

Events Manager

The events manager 232 may be activated by authentication 228, plug-in230, and/or storage manager 234 requests. In the preferred embodiment,two event types are shown in FIG. 17. The first is an alarm 240 thatcould include calling a manager on a cell phone and sending a message toauthentication rules to deactivate access for all applications on aparticular laptop client. The second is an audit trail 242 that couldinclude sensitive data accessed by all laptops so that if one is stolen,a finite number of customers can be notified under California's SB-1386notification regulation. Note that types of events can be added to thepresent invention.

Digital Rights Management (DRM)

Another embodiment of present invention is protecting different types ofsensitive data in a way that represents a new type of digital rightsmanagement. FIG. 18 refers to one embodiment where a manufacturingclient 1800 removes critical components 1802 of, say, a DVD so that theDVD may be previewed but not played in full. These critical components1802 are put in secure storage 210 under the full protection of thepresent invention. The DVD with the critical components 1802 removed canthen be distributed as a sample, and any number of copies can be made byinterested parties.

Anyone can load the DVD and can preview the contents of the DVD, butcannot play the entire DVD because the critical components 1802 remissing. With proper authentication from the consumer's client 1804, thesecure server 204 can provide the missing critical components 1802 tothe original DVD content. The critical components 1802 are seamlesslymerged back by content manager 208 so that the original content can beviewed by the consumer, but not in a way that the data from the DVD andcritical components 1802 can ever be stored together. Without properauthentication, the secure server 204 can take any action as shown inFIG. 8.

Other embodiments include always authenticating with no rules and usingthe present invention to count the number of times a DVD is played, whatparts of the DVD are the most popular, what other digital content isknown to content manager 208 for this individual, and so on. Still otherembodiments include DRM protection for different geographical regionsthat the digital content is sold in, different industries, differentmedia types, or any other market segment. Moreover, other embodimentsinclude different types of digital content, including:

-   -   PDF newsletters that are always up-to-date.    -   Catalogues that are personalized to the color, style, size,        shipping preferences, and loyalty program of each individual        consumer.    -   Software, hardware devices, and games that cannot be used unless        a paying customer has authenticated.    -   Protecting any other type of digital content, including phone        numbers, games, movies, music, pictures, videos, email, program        code, art, photos, passwords, news, IP, documents, DVDs, CDs,        and patents.

Note that the present invention can be used to assure that revenuemodels are tied to people who authenticate before the criticalcomponents 1802 are released from secure storage 210. These revenuemodels could, for example, include every time a DVD is played,validating a membership or subscription, validating a software key,charging for the features used in software and/or hardware. The presentinvention can be used to retroactively enable new revenue models evenafter, say, the DVD with critical components removed has been widelydistributed. The present invention gives the owner of the originalcontent control for payment, auditing, destruction, or any otherpurpose.

Forensic Analysis

Another embodiment of present invention is tracking data to enable aunique type of forensic analysis. Current forensic analysis requiresaccess to disk files, tapes, CDs, DVDs, flash drives, memory, and othertypes of digital storage media.

Referring to FIG. 19, digital content, such as an email message, can becreated on client A 1900, sent to client B 1902, and then forwarded toclient C 1904. In order to determine that the message is on client C1904, the forensics analyst must have access to all three clients, andtheir contents must have been preserved. This is also problematicbecause the “trail” of messages cannot be broken. This is furtherproblematic because the message can be transferred from one client toanother in a manner that cannot be analyzed, such as by CD. This is evenfurther problematic because multiple copies of the message could havebeen made, and may be in clients that are unknown, inaccessible,destroyed, or even overseas.

The present invention solves these problems because the trail of data isnot required in order to perform forensics analysis. Referring to FIG.8, a client 202 is stolen and can be moved to any location. Copies ofclient storage 206 can be made and again moved to any location. Anynumber of stolen data can end up on any number of clients 202 in anynumber of locations or countries.

As shown in FIG. 2, the present invention protects digital content notby how it got there but by the need to authenticate with the secureserver 204 before sensitive data can be used by the client 202. Thepresent invention provides a way to ensure that digital content is:

-   -   Protected, no matter where it is located or how it got there.    -   Paid for, as defined by plug-ins 230.    -   Kept up-to-date or changed, as defined by the plug-ins 230 and        sensitive data being returned.    -   Monitored, as defined by plug-ins 230.    -   Destroyed, as defined by plug-ins 230. This could also include        software commands to destroy certain hardware components in the        client 202.    -   Able to have new processes retroactively deployed for future        unknown threats, opportunities, and requirements, as defined by        plug-ins 230.

Referring to FIG. 4, one or more forensics processes may be set for anyfield in client storage 206 that requires processing by secure server204. This field could be just a dummy tag used for tracking purposesonly. One embodiment of a forensics process is a plug-in that putssensitive data with a unique time/date/user stamp in secure storage forlater forensic analysis. Referring to FIG. 8, this can use anunauthorized attempt to determine what copy of the client data wasstolen, when it was created, and who was responsible for it. The presentinvention gives forensics analysts new, simplified tools to track,interpret, monitor, and destroy sensitive data and client hardware thatthey are stored on.

Addition Client Control

Note that the present invention can be used in general and contentmanager 208 in particular to seamlessly add functionality to anyapplication 222. This may include the protection, monitoring,controlling, payment, or destruction of sensitive data or just regulardata.

European Data Directive Compliance

Many state, federal, and international regulations are following thelead of the European Data Directive. For example, California's SB-1386was based on the European model that people should be notified if theirpersonal data is put at risk. One of the most stringent requirements ofthe EU Directive is that personal data cannot move from one country toany another unless the receiving country complies with the EU Directive.This has created problems for many EU firms. For example, firms inEngland cannot send certain data to its own branch offices in countrieslike South Africa because the latter is not EU Directive compliant.

Referring to FIG. 20, the present invention solves this problem becausesensitive or personal data is stored in a secure server 204 in Englandand never moves. Client devices, client storage 206, and clientapplications 222 are all free to move from business to business and fromcountry to country because none contain sensitive or personal data.

If state or federal laws are passed that restrict the movement ofsensitive or personal data, the present invention will provide animmediate solution reduce implementation and compliance costs. Thepresent invention helps firms remain nimble in an increasingly costlyand uncertain regulatory environment. The present invention provides aframework for protecting sensitive data for outsourcing to localcompanies and to overseas countries such as India.

An Enterprise Database Example

Referring to FIG. 3, enterprise database applications access tables instorage that contain sensitive data. A typical screen 2100 that accessesthis data can be seen in FIG. 21. In the preferred embodiment, adatabase administrator creates a new table in client storage 206 orsecure server 204 that contains information similar to the items shownin FIG. 4. This new table defines the fields in a system that needsprotection. The database administrator then applies one or more triggersto tables or fields that need protection, and these triggers read thenew table with the defined values. When the table in client storage 206containing sensitive data has been converted, its resulting contents inclient storage 206 can be seen in FIG. 5.

Referring to FIG. 22, application 2200 running on the left withoutauthentication from secure server 204 returns the random pointers fromclient storage 206 that contain no sensitive data and cannot be crackedor unencrypted. However, application 2202 running on the right withauthentication to and from secure server 204 returns sensitive data thatis identical to FIG. 21. The present invention protects sensitive datain a way that is transparent and seamless to the enterprise databaseapplications.

An Excel Example

The present invention can be embedded into any application 222. Anotherpreferred embodiment is protecting sensitive data in Microsoft® Excel®files. Excel® is the most widely-used program to store and managesensitive data. Yet the current ways to protect Excel® files areinadequate because they rely on passwords that can be cracked andencryption that can be complex to use. The present invention removessensitive data from client storage 206 and puts it in secure servers 204in a way that the sensitive data cannot be accessed without properauthentication.

One preferred embodiment is defining an entire Excel® file as sensitivedata. The only way to access any data in this Excel® file when theclient 202 is not connected to the secure server 204 is with clientcaching 224, which may reduce the overall security of the presentinvention.

Another embodiment is defining only the data in the Excel file that issensitive. Referring to FIG. 23, Name 2300, Loan Number 2302, and SSN2304 contain sensitive data while the rest of the Excel® file (creditscore 2306, monthly payment 2308, overdue payments 2310, late charges2312, other charges 2314 and total charges 2316) does not. A contentmanager 208 for Excel® has been installed on the client. In thisembodiment, this is an Excel® plug-in 230 called “Theft-Proof Data” 2400which can be seen in the command line.

Referring to FIG. 24A, the columns containing Name 2300, Loan Number2302, and SSN 2304 have been selected, the Excel® plug-in 2400 has beenselected in the command line, and a command to “theft-proof” theselected cells has been clicked. Another preferred embodiment isright-clicking to “theft-proof” the selected cells. These perform thefollowing:

-   -   Referring to FIG. 2, client 202 communicates with secure        server's 204 API 212, authentication 214, plug-ins 216, and data        218 layers.    -   All sensitive Excel® cells are stored in secure storage 210.    -   All sensitive Excel® cells are displayed with an additional        attribute, such as the color red, as defined in settings. This        helps the user see what cells are stored on client storage 206        and what cells are stored in secure storage 210.    -   A plug-in 230 generates random pointers that content manager 208        places in the comments fields of the selected Excel® cells.        These random pointers are later used by content manager 208 to        access sensitive data in secure storage 210.

Whenever this Excel® file is saved or closed, all sensitive data isautomatically and transparently stored in secure server 204 according torandom pointers in cell comment fields. The sensitive data is blankedout before the Excel® file is stored in client storage 206.

When this Excel® file is opened, all sensitive data is automatically andtransparently read from secure server 204. Whenever a theft-proof cellis added, changed, deleted, or the theft-proof attribute is added orremoved from a cell, the content manager 208 Excel® plug-in makes thecorresponding change in secure server 204. In this embodiment, all datastored in secure storage 210 has auto version control turned on so thatdifferent copies of this Excel® file remain synchronized with secureserver 204. Opening this Excel® file on any device with properauthentication automatically synchronizes sensitive data again in a waythat is automatic and transparent to Excel®, but in a way that does notstore the sensitive data on the client.

Referring to FIG. 8, if the Excel® file is stolen or tampered with byaccessing secure server 204 without proper authentication, the blankcells stored in client storage 206 are shown and not the sensitive cellsstored in secure storage 210, as shown in to FIG. 24B. The pointersstored in comments are random data that do not contain sensitive data.

Another preferred embodiment has a central system administratorcontrolling which rows, columns, and/or cells are to be protected. Waysto do this include having rules embedded in the Excel plug-in or inExcel® files with pre-defined rows, columns, and/or cells.

Another preferred embodiment is having the plug-in examine the contentof values entered into cells and then determining if the cell containsinformation that should be protected. This embodiment uses a table withdifferent mask values to determine the likely value type:

Mask Value Likely Value Type nnn nnn-nnn Phone number (nnn) nnn-nnn nnnnn nnnn Social Security Number free-formatted with 2 or 3 words Namefree-formatted starting with a number Address nnnnn Zip code nnnnn-nnnThis determination can include examining surrounding cells. For example,if 80% of the values in a column look like a Name, then the entirecolumn can be protected. This automatic determination has the advantageof enforcing protection, even for new Excel® files that a systemadministrator is unaware of. In another preferred embodiment, a centralsystem administrator could set a default that all cells in a new fileare protected until the file has been given proper security clearance.

The present invention can be used to protect sensitive data in otherMicrosoft® Office® products, including Word®, PowerPoint®, Access®, andOutlook®. For each, places to store random pointers that are transparentto the application can be found. These could include hidden text inWord® or PowerPoint®, an additional table in Access®, or an unusedportion of an email header for Outlook®. The present invention can alsobe used to protect sensitive information in other products, suchIntuit's Quicken® and Adobe's Acrobat®.

Tracking Attempted Data Theft

In the preferred embodiment, when an Excel® file is protected for thefirst time, the Excel® plug-in 2400 stores a GIF image file in a cellwhere it will automatically display when the file is opened. Each timethe Excel® file is opened, but before the screen displays, the Excel®plug-in 2400 deletes this GIF image file. Before the Excel® file isstored, this clear GIF image file is put back for the next time it isopened.

In one preferred embodiment, the name of this clear GIF image fileincludes the address of the events manager, the time, date, and personwho authorized the last sensitive data to be accessed by this Excel®file. In another embodiment, the GIF image file includes an address withthe Excel® file name, time, date, and person who authorized the lastsensitive data to be accessed by this Excel® file.

If the Excel® file is opened without Excel® plug-in 2400, the clear GIFimage is not deleted, so it attempts to load a remote file on the eventsmanager 32. If a connection is made, the events manager 232 takes theappropriate action for when someone has opened an Excel® file withoutthe Excel® plug-in 2400 because the potential theft of a protectedExcel® file has been tracked. Note that similar ways to track theattempted theft of other types of data, such as Microsoft® Word® andPowerPoint®, and digital content, such as music and movies can bedeveloped.

Referring to FIGS. 25A and 25B, another preferred embodiment is lookingfor one or more links in a digital content file 2500 being protected. Ifa link 2502 is present to a target Website 2504, it is changed to pointto a tracking Website 2506 that records the event in the same manner asdescribed for the clear GIF image file. The tracking Website 2506 thenredirects control to the target Website 2504.

Referring to FIG. 25C, each link in the file is sent to a trackingWebsite 2506 that:

-   -   Creates a new link for the digital content file that points to        the tracking Website 2506. In the preferred embodiment, this        link includes the digital content file name, time, date, and        person who authorized the last sensitive data to be accessed by        the digital content file 2500. This is passed back to the        digital content file 2500.    -   Creates a process in tracking Website 2506 that accepts and        stores the link data from the digital content file 2500 before        passing control to the target Website 2504.        This can be done for all links in the digital content file 2500        or for a specified maximum number of links. A GIF image file can        still be placed in the digital content file 2500.

The advantages of this embodiment include:

-   -   A search for and removal of clear GIF image files will not        prevent tracking the digital content file 2500.    -   Any number of tracking Websites 2506 can be established to        confuse any process that attempts to identify and remove these        tracking links.    -   This change is performed by the owner of the digital content, so        no copyright violations have occurred.

Excel Plug-in Install Suggestions

Another similar and preferred embodiment uses a GIF image file todisplay instructions suggesting that the user install the Excel®plug-in. This GIF image file only appears if the Excel® plug-in is notinstalled on the client opening the Excel file. This process permits ashared Excel® file to educate users about the present invention. Notethat similar ways to automatically suggest downloading the presentinvention to protect other types of data, such as Microsoft® Word® andPowerPoint®, and digital content, such as music and movies can bedeveloped.

Dynamic Content

The present invention can also be used to keep multiple Excel® files ora single shared Excel® file up-to-date with dynamic content. Forexample, salesmen opening an Excel® file can always automatically haveup-to-the-minute customer status, pricing, and delivery times. Thepresent invention turns Excel® into a dynamic tool with content that isnever out-of-date. The present invention turns Excel® into a dynamictool that is personalized for the current needs of each user.

The present invention can be used to make any Microsoft® Office® productor any other product, service, or application a dynamic tool that isnever out-of-date and is always personalized. For example, a cataloguein Word® or PDF format could automatically get personalized content fromthe secure server 204 for the user who has authenticated. This couldinclude his or her favorite color, style, size, shipping preferences,and loyalty program, and so on. This greatly increases the relevance ofthe catalogue and value of the catalogue service.

Another embodiment of dynamic content is a PDF newsletter that couldhave a members-only section. Non-members could see an application formfor becoming a member. The present invention can be used to permitdigital content to be retroactively controlled after it has beendisclosed, something that is currently difficult or next to impossibleto achieve.

Data Brokers and Authentication Services

ChoicePoint is an Atlanta-based “data broker” that maintains 19 billionpublic and private records. Its vision statement says “We strive tocreate a safer and more secure society through the responsible use ofinformation.” Similarly, its mission statement is “To be the mostadmired information company worldwide” by being “a demonstrated leaderin social contribution, to reaffirm our recognition that a corporationmust be a positive force in today's society” and by being “a leader inthe responsible use of information, to assure that we strike the properbalance between society's right to know and the individual's right toprivacy.”

ChoicePoint sells sensitive data to its customers to help them reducethe risk of conducting business. At the end of January 2005, an articlein the Washington Post called ChoicePoint “an all-purpose commercialsource of personal information about Americans, with billions of detailsabout their homes, cars, relatives, criminal records and other aspectsof their lives.”

ChoicePoint's world changed forever in February 2005 when it was forcedto admit that companies had been set up to fraudulently purchase thesensitive data of 145,000 individuals. The immediate fallout included:

-   -   An unknown but significant number of individuals had their        identities stolen.    -   A Nigerian man was convicted of fraud for stealing personal        information from ChoicePoint.    -   ChoicePoint's market valuation fell by $700 million.    -   Several class action lawsuits were filed against ChoicePoint.    -   The Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission said that        ChoicePoint needed to be regulated. In the following year, no        laws were introduced that would have prevented the ChoicePoint        data theft.

Why Sensitive Data is Collected by Data Brokers and AuthenticationServices

Data brokers like ChoicePoint, Equifax, Experian, TransUnion, andLexisNexis collect sensitive data, in part to help their customersmitigate the risk of doing business. In the old days, these companiesdid business with people they knew. In the digital economy, companiesmust do business with people they do not know. Data brokers 2600 sellsensitive data to their customers 2602 so that they can make informeddecisions about the risks of doing business with individuals and firmsthey do not know. Referring to FIG. 26, sensitive data is shown inshaded boxes (Name 2604, Address 2604, SSN 2606).

Authentication services like VeriSign collect sensitive data for similarreasons. They pre-screen individuals and firms and give them a digitalcertificate to authenticate that they are who they say they are. Thesecertificates often contain sensitive data as a part of theauthentication process. For this reason, the information passed fromauthentication services (data broker 2600) like VeriSign to itscustomers 2602 is similar to data brokers as shown in FIG. 26, althoughthe number and types of fields may be different.

Data broker customers, authentication service customers, and other firmspurchase or collect sensitive data in the regular course of doingbusiness. To mitigate business risk, they must have access to sensitivedata about prospective customers, employees, trading partners, and soon. It is ironic that knowing that the identity of a consumer hasnothing to do with actually making a profit:

-   -   ITEMS SOLD times MARGIN/ITEM equals PROFIT        There is nothing in this formula related to sensitive data        because the firm makes the same profit irrespective of who the        consumer is.

Industry self-regulation has been around since 1996, and new laws havebeen around since 1998. Both have failed to protect the theft or misuseof sensitive data. This problem will continue to get worse because theamount of information collected is tied directly to the cost ofcollecting it. And these costs are tied to Moore's Law, which suggeststhat these costs will continue to fall.

There is a need for a system that manages sensitive data in such a waythat mitigates the risk to data brokers, authentication services, theircustomers, and other firms, without increasing the risks to individualsor firms of having their sensitive data collected, stored, or managed.Moreover, there is a need for a system that manages sensitive data insuch a way that firms can make a profit without necessarily having toknow the identities of consumers. This would further reduce the risk ofhaving to collect, store, or manage sensitive data.

In the preferred embodiment, sensitive data is controlled by not givingit out in the first place. As Winston Churchill once said, “It'swonderful how well men keep secrets they have not been told.”

How the Present Invention Helps Data Brokers and Authentication Services

The present invention provides a system and method that managessensitive data to minimize the risk to individuals and firms while stillproviding sufficient information from data brokers and authenticationservices to their data broker customers.

The present invention provides four new solutions for protectingsensitive data by simply limiting who has access to it. The followingtable summarizes the benefits:

For Data Brokers and For Their Customers Authentication Services and forOther Firms Centralize and protect Reduce risk Reduce risk sensitivedata Authentication without Increase revenue Reduce risk sensitive dataNew services to manage Increase revenue Reduce risk sensitive dataEnterprise system Reduce risk Reduce risk upgradesWhile these solutions may be implemented independently, they are shownin the above sequence.

Centralize and Protect Sensitive Data

One major problem is that sensitive data is often stored in multipleplaces within a firm. For example, ChoicePoint collects and storesinformation about a person's contact information, marriage history,driving history, motor vehicles, direct marketing history, childsupport, assets, credit history, and so on. Each of these may containsensitive data for that person. Another example is that a single bankcustomer might have a checking account, savings account, mortgage, andcar loan, and each may store sensitive data for that customer. This isundesirable for many reasons:

-   -   Different copies of sensitive data for any given person may        contain different values.    -   When sensitive data changes, such as when a person moves, the        change has to be updated in multiple places. Data        synchronization errors occur.    -   If there are multiple copies of sensitive data, more people may        have access to it. For example, it has been reported that over 4        million records were stolen in 2004 from Softbank in Japan. A        subsequent analysis revealed that no less than 135 people had        access to the sensitive data. Not surprisingly, the analysis was        unable to determine how the sensitive data was stolen.    -   Different copies of the sensitive data can end up in very        insecure places. For example, it has been reported that a laptop        computer containing 200,000 mortgage customers were stolen from        the car of a Wells Fargo consultant. Under California's SB-1386        law, each person had to be notified of the theft. Wells Fargo is        said to have paid over $10 million to comply with SB-1386.    -   When a sensitive data-related law changes or when there is a        need to increase the security of sensitive data, the firm has to        make these changes everywhere the sensitive data is stored.        These costs additional time, require additional money, and        dilutes efforts because the firm has to spread its resources to        protect sensitive data in more than one location.        The present invention provides a solution to this problem, with        the data broker used as an example:    -   Referring to FIG. 2, a secure server 204 is created to store and        protect sensitive data.    -   Referring to FIG. 4, sensitive systems, table names, and field        names are identified for the data broker.    -   Referring to FIG. 6, sensitive data (2604, 2606 and 2608) is        moved to the secure server 204 and a random pointer (2704, 2706        and 2708) replaces it. This process is repeated for each field,        record, and table until there is no more sensitive data in the        original tables.    -   When completed, all sensitive data (2604, 2606 and 2608) is in        the secure server 204. Referring to FIG. 27, the data broker's        servers and systems are referred to as the data broker client        2700.    -   Referring to FIG. 28, each time a record is accessed by data        broker client 2700, the pointer (2704, 2706 and 2708) may be        used to retrieve sensitive data 2604, 2606 and 2608) from the        corresponding field from secure server 204. In this way, the        original record can be reconstructed.

Benefits for the data broker (or any firm using the present invention):

-   -   Storing all of the sensitive data in one place reduces the risk        associated with the collection, storage, and management of        sensitive data.    -   A single copy of sensitive data eliminates data synchronization        errors.    -   The reduced number of systems containing sensitive data means        that fewer people have access to it.    -   Sensitive data is much less likely to end up in very insecure        places, such as in laptop computers.    -   When a related law changes, or when there is a need to increase        the security of sensitive data, the data broker has to make        changes in only one place.    -   The data broker can focus all of its attention on protecting the        sensitive data in a single location with the best people and        resources available.

Authentication Without Sensitive Data

Data brokers and authentication services are a part of a multi-billiondollar industry that is under attack. How can any firm collect, store,manage, and then sell sensitive data to data broker customers withoutrunning the risk of its fraudulent use? Even the most reputable customerpurchasing this sensitive data can be hacked, share data in error, orhave it stolen by a rogue employee. As ChoicePoint has shown, a singleoccurrence may lead to disastrous consequences for a firm, customers,individuals, and society as a whole.

The present invention ensures that sensitive data (2604, 2606 and 2608)is not released to a data broker customer 2602 in the first place. Thepresent invention provides a system that releases data with pointers(2704, 2706 and 2708) to sensitive data (2604, 2606 and 2608) ratherthan the sensitive data itself. These pointers (2704, 2706 and 2708)validate the existence of these fields, such as SSN, and the possiblelater access to these fields, without the risks associated with thecollection, storage, and management of sensitive data (2604, 2606 and2608), as shown in FIG. 29.

Benefits for the data broker:

-   -   The data broker customer 2602 cannot abuse the sensitive data        (2604, 2606 and 2608), even if it wanted to, because the data        broker customer 2602 never receives any sensitive data (2604,        2606 and 2608). The sensitive data pointers (2704, 2706 and        2708) that the data broker customer 2602 receives validate that        the data broker 2700 has the actual sensitive data (2604, 2606        and 2608) in the secure server 204, but the data broker customer        2602 never actually gets access to the sensitive data (2604,        2606 and 2608) itself. For example, SSN Pointer validates that        there is a correct SSN in the secure server 204, but the data        broker customer 2602 has no direct access to it (the data broker        customer 2602 can instruct the data broker to process the SSN on        its behalf, as discussed below). This is a major breakthrough        that protects the future viability of data brokers. Reducing        these risks decrease the costs of doing business.    -   Instead of being a part of the privacy problem, data brokers are        now a part of the solution. Those that are best at protecting        sensitive data will have a sustainable competitive advantage        over data brokers that are not.    -   The data broker has the opportunity to generate new revenue        models for new services. For example, the chance of sensitive        data being abused by a data broker customer is greatly reduced        or even eliminated. The data broker can charge a fee for this.        In addition, the data broker can underwrite the risk of the        sensitive data being incorrect. A fee can also be charged for        this.

Benefits for the data broker customers 2602:

-   -   The data broker customer 2602 has outsourced one of the most        challenging parts of its business—a part that carries an        increasing risk with no corresponding upside potential.    -   The data broker customer 2602 has the information required to        reduce the risk of conducting business with an unknown entity        without increasing the risks associated with collecting,        storing, and managing sensitive data.    -   Reducing these risks decreases the data broker customer's cost        of doing business.    -   The data broker customer 2602 can focus on what it does        best—increasing items sold and margins.

This example is for data brokers. The present invention can be adaptedto work for any firm, including authentication firms such as VeriSign,so that they can offer certificates or some other service that validatethe identity of an entity without revealing any sensitive data.

In addition to pointers that are random, another preferred embodiment isa reference number of each record passed from the data broker to thedata broker customer may include the following:

Customer uniquely identifies the data broker customer and is used tocode validate subsequent requests from this customer to ensure that, forexample, the data has not been stolen from another data broker customer.Customer uniquely identifies the actual customer for this data brokernumber customer and is needed because other applications may store otherrecords for this actual customer, either locally, at the original databroker, or at another data broker. This “persistent” customer number maybe assigned by the data broker customer and remains the same in allapplications in all locations. Control may be used by the data broker ordata broker customer for number version control, hashing, or any othercontrol purpose.

New Services to Manage Sensitive Data

In addition to helping data broker customers reduce risk, data brokerscurrently sell sensitive data so that their data broker customers canincrease their profits. For example, names and addresses may be sold sothat data broker customers 2602 can send promotional material toprospects. But this creates problems:

-   -   As recent events have shown, sensitive data in the hands of data        broker customers can be abused. Even the most reputable firms        have rogue employees, and sensitive data only has to be stolen        once for lives to be ruined.    -   The risks associated with collecting a, individual's sensitive        data could one day be more than the lifetime value of that        individual. If this occurs, the firm's very survival could be        put at risk.    -   When sensitive data is sold, it is usually under certain terms        and conditions. For example, names and addresses may be sold to        be used for a specific time period or a limited number of times.        Data brokers “seed” this data with fake names for the sole        purpose of auditing how this data is used. This is problematic        because (1) it's after-the-fact and too late to protect the        abuse, and (2) it represents lost revenue for the data broker.

The unique solution to this problem is the data broker customer passingrequests back to the data broker (or some other trusted third party) forfurther processing:

-   -   The reference number (or some other unique identifier) is passed        by the data broker customer back to the data broker.    -   Also passed back are instructions and, optionally, some other        material. For example, this could be “send the attached brochure        to all of these people using first class mail” or “do a certain        analysis for all people with a SSN beginning with 344.”    -   Referring to FIG. 30, the data broker uses the reference number        to recreate the original record or parts of the original record.        This is done by using the reference number to validate the        request and the retrieve the data from data broker server and        sensitive data from the secure server 204. When this is        completed, the data broker processes the record according to the        data broker customer's instructions.

Benefits for the data broker:

-   -   Because the data broker is the only party that knows how to        convert reference number into the actual sensitive data, all        sensitive data is always under the direct control of the data        broker.    -   For the same reason, the data broker has new “baked in” revenue        models. These include fulfillment (mailing promotional        materials), further analysis that includes examining sensitive        data, ensuring that the desired results are correct, and so on.    -   If data is stolen from the data broker customer, any receiving        party can only act upon the stolen data by making a request to        the data broker. When this happens, (1) the data broker can        reject the request and (2) notify the data broker customer that        it has a security problem. This self-auditing process is a major        benefit of the present invention. In no case is the sensitive        data at risk when data is stolen.    -   The economies of scale permit the data broker to manage data        broker customer requests in a much more efficient manner than by        any single firm. This means that data brokers have higher margin        potential as their business grows.

Benefits for data broker customers:

-   -   Again, the data broker customer has outsourced one of the most        challenging parts of its business—a part that carries an        increasing risk without any corresponding upside potential.    -   The data broker customer has the information required to reduce        the risk of conducting business with an unknown person without        increasing the risk's associated with collecting, storing, and        managing sensitive data.    -   The concept of outsourcing all work related to sensitive data        has the potential to free the data broker customer of        liabilities associated with sensitive data. This could include        order entry, payment processing, order fulfillment, help desks,        and all other commodity services that are not core to the data        broker customer's mission.    -   The data broker customer can focus on what it does        best—increasing items sold and margins.

This example is for data brokers. These same methods or process can beadapted to work for any firm, including authentication firms such asVeriSign, so that it can offer certificates that validate the identityof a person without revealing any sensitive data. Authentication withoutidentification would give firms like VeriSign, new revenue modelopportunities.

Enterprise System Upgrades

Regulations for running an enterprise are constantly changing. Inaddition, the liabilities associated with collecting, storing, andmanaging sensitive data continues to increase. And Moore's Law suggeststhat this will increase at an accelerated rate.

These problems are a major concern for firms with large enterprisesystems. As the Y2K problem showed, it can cost tens of millions ofdollars to upgrade an enterprise system. The main difference between theY2K problem and the management of sensitive data is that Y2K was aone-time problem, whereas problems related to data theft and newregulation compliance is ongoing. It would be highly desirable if therewas a way for a firm to gain control of the management of sensitive dataso that changes from new regulations and risks could be dealt with in amore timely and cost-effective manner. Another embodiment of the presentinvention provides such a solution.

Referring to FIG. 31, any firm 3100 has the same problems managingsensitive data as data brokers have. The solution to this is similar tothe solution previously described for data brokers.

Referring to FIG. 32, all fields containing sensitive data (2604, 2606and 2608) are identified, the contents are moved to a new secure server204, and the original field has a random pointer (2704, 2706 and 2708)inserted that points to the new location of the sensitive data (2604,2606 and 2608).

Care must be taken to ensure that the new pointer information is thesame type as the sensitive data field that it is replacing. This willhelp make these changes transparent to the file management system usedby the enterprise system. For example, a 9-digit SSN stored in ASCIItext should be replaced with a 9-digit or less pointer also stored inASCII text.

The applications that access the enterprise system may be modified withplug-ins and database triggers as previously described.

Another preferred embodiment is changing application code that managessensitive data from:

-   -   move CUSTOMER-SSN to PRINT-SSN        . . . to:    -   move sensitivedata(CUSTOMER-SSN) to PRINT-SSN        . . . where “sensitivedata” is a new function that performs        certain tasks:    -   Authentication that the application and user running this        application is permitted access to SSN.    -   Ensuring that the reason for and usage of the SSN confirms with        best practices, legal requirements and operational procedures,        as defined by plug-ins.    -   Using the SSN pointer to access the correct SSN data in secure        server 204.

Post Content Managers for Devices

Referring now to FIG. 33, a block diagram of server-client system inaccordance with another embodiment of the present invention is shown. Inthis embodiment, functionality is moved from the content manager aspreviously described to a pre-content manager and a post-content managerin the device. This solves the potential problem that the application,the hardware that it runs on, and the people who operate it or haveaccess to it all have full access to the sensitive information. Thissolution can be implemented by:

-   -   Move part of content manager to pre-content manager and part to        post-content manager. For example, pre-content manager could        retrieve salary from secure server so that application could        calculate tax deductions, while post-content manager could        retrieve name and social security number (SSN) from secure        server so that payroll checks could be printed by device. In        this way, an anonymous salary would not be protected in        application and communication lines, but the associated names        and SSNs would be.    -   Move all of content manager to post-content manager, thus        eliminating the need for pre-content manager. For example, a        third party contractor printing payroll checks from an anonymous        file, either on media such as tape or CD, or directly from        remote server, would be completely protected. At no time would        the third party have access to or have servers containing or        communication lines transmitting sensitive information.

This embodiment of the present invention protects sensitive informationat all times:

Location FIG. 2 FIG. 33 Secure server Protected Protected Communicationbetween secure server and Protected Protected content manager Clientstorage Protected Protected Communication between client storage andProtected Protected content manager Content manager Protected ProtectedCommunication between content manager and Not Protected Protectedapplication Application Not Protected Protected Communication betweenapplication and device Not Protected Protected Device Not ProtectedProtected

Other preferred embodiments include protecting sensitive information ondevices such as DVD burners because they only authenticate with specialblank media what is controlled by a trusted source.

While the described preferred embodiments benefits both the enterpriseand the third parties they outsource their sensitive information to,other preferred embodiments offer additional ways to protect thissensitive information. For example, some print jobs are so big that theoutput is stored on CDs. Reports for brokerage firms are sometimes solarge that they are sent by CD rather than on paper.

For example, each client has a data storage, a pre-content manager and apost-content manager. The pre-content manager extracts the sensitivedata from the data storage, sends the extracted data to a server forstorage, receives a pointer indicating where the extracted data has beenstored and replaces the sensitive data on the data storage with thepointer. The post-content manager is communicably coupled with thepre-content manager or the server and one or more media devices,receives the sensitive data from the pre-content manager or the server,and transmits the sensitive data to the one or more media devices. Theserver is communicably coupled to the one or more clients, wherein theserver receives the extracted data from the client, stores the extracteddata to a secure storage, generates the pointer and sends the pointer tothe client.

The pre-content manager may further receive a first request from the oneor more applications for data stored on the data storage, determinewhether the requested data includes the sensitive data or thenon-sensitive data, provide the non-sensitive data to one or morepost-content manager or to the one or more applications, and perform thefollowing steps whenever the requested data includes the sensitive data:send a second request containing the pointer to a server thatauthenticates the second request, deny the first request whenever theauthentication fails, and receive and provide the sensitive data to theone or more post-content manager or the one or more applicationswhenever the authentication succeeds. In addition, the pre-contentmanager may also perform one or more corrective or destructive actionswhenever the authentication fails and the client is determined to becompromised, lost or stolen. Note that the post-content manger can beintegrated into the one or more media devices. The communicationsbetween the integrated post-content manager and the pre-content managercan be encrypted.

The post-content manager may further perform the following stepswhenever the post-content manager receives the sensitive data from theserver or the pre-content manager: sends one or more authenticationcodes to the pre-content manager or the server, accepts the sensitivedata whenever the one or more authentication codes is accepted by theserver or the pre-content manager, and rejects the sensitive datawhenever the one or more authentication codes is rejected by thepre-content manger or the server.

In another example, an apparatus for protecting sensitive data includesa data storage containing sensitive or non-sensitive data, one or moreapplications, a communications interface to a remote server having asecure storage, one or more media devices, a pre-content manager and apost-content manager. The pre-content manager is communicably coupled tothe data storage, the one or more applications and the communicationsinterface. The pre-content manager controls access to the data storage,extracts the sensitive data and non-sensitive from the data storage,sends the extracted sensitive data to the remote server for storage viathe communications interface, receives a pointer indicating where theextracted sensitive data has been stored and replaces the sensitive dataon the data storage with the pointer. The post-content manager iscommunicably coupled with the pre-content manager or the server and oneor more media devices. The post-content manager receives the sensitivedata or the non-sensitive data from the pre-content manager or theserver, and transmits the sensitive data or the non-sensitive data tothe one or more media devices.

In yet another example, a method for protecting sensitive data can beprovided using a pre-content manager and a post-content manager. Thepre-content manager extracts sensitive or non-sensitive data from a datastorage on a client, sends the extracted sensitive data to a server forstorage, receives a pointer indicating where the extracted sensitivedata has been stored and replaces the sensitive data on the data storageon the client with the pointer. The post content manager receives thesensitive data from the pre-content manager and transmits the sensitivedata to one or more media devices. The foregoing method can beimplemented as a computer program embodied on a computer readable mediumwherein the steps are executed by one or more code segments.

Referring now to FIG. 34, one embodiment of the present invention isillustrated to print sensitive information. A record is read from theapplication and is stored in volatile memory. If the record does notcontain a random pointer then printing continues. If the record containsa random pointer the user and/or device and/or device medium isauthenticated with one or more of:

-   -   A password typed into the printer console.    -   A key, RFID-enabled card, or other physical security device.    -   A biometric reader. For example, highly sensitive print jobs may        require that the printer operator has his or her finger on a        fingerprint scanner for the entire duration of the print job.    -   An attribute unique to the device, such as serial number, IP        address, date, and/or time of day.    -   An attribute unique to the device medium, such as the type of        paper loaded in the printer. Alternatively, plain paper could be        loaded with unique codes or identifiers pre-printed on the paper        that are read by the printer. Limiting sensitive print jobs to        run only on specially controlled paper by a trusted source        provides an additional level of security for sensitive        information.    -   Some other authentication device, method, or procedure.        Note that in FIG. 34 authentication repeats for each record        read, not just at the beginning of the print process. This        enables real-time control provided by devices such as biometric        readers.

If authentication fails, alarm procedures are activated. This couldinclude a sound device, locking the printer, sending a text message to asupervisor, clearing printer memory, updating a log file, and/or otherprocedures deemed necessary

With proper authentication, the random pointer is used to retrievesensitive information from the secure server as previously described.This replaces the pointer in the record read from application. Note thatmore than one pointer per record will require additional sensitiveinformation to be retrieved and replaced. When all pointers for thisrecord are processed, the record is then printed. When the last recordis read from application, job termination procedures are the initiated,which may include clearing printer memory and updating a log file.

Referring to FIG. 35, another preferred embodiment is client A thatcreates these CDs optionally with a pre-content manager and/orpost-content manager. However, the random pointers to certain sensitiveinformation are not converted by client A. The CD is then sent to clientB where another application uses another post-content manager toretrieve sensitive information from secure server. In this way, thesensitive information is always protected, even when it passes fromdevice to device and company to company.

Central System Administrator Controls

As previously described, the present invention allows a central systemadministrator to control which Excel® rows, columns, and/or cells may beautomatically protected. One preferred embodiment is having rulesembedded in the plug-in for protecting sensitive information in Excel®files. The plug-in examines the content of values entered into cells andthen determining if the cell contains sensitive information that shouldbe automatically protected. These embodiments use a table with different“mask values” to determine the likely value type:

Mask Value Likely Value Type nnn nnn-nnnn Phone number (nnn) nnn-nnnnnnn nn nnnn SSN free-formatted with 2 or 3 words Name free-formattedstarting with a number Address nnnnn Zip code nnnnn-nnnnThis determination includes examining surrounding cells. For example, if80% of the values in a column look like a Name, then the entire columncan be automatically protected. This determination has the advantage ofenforcing protection, even for new Excel® files that a central systemadministrator is unaware of. In another preferred embodiment, a systemadministrator could set a default that all cells in a new file areprotected until the file has been given proper security clearance.

Another embodiment of the present invention gives a central systemadministrator information about and control over all potentiallysensitive information in all servers, PCs, and devices in theenterprise. When something is located, rules set by the administratorautomatically report back and/or protect the sensitive information toimmediately eliminate the risk. As a result, the system administratorhas a centralized, holistic view of and control over all sensitiveinformation in the enterprise. The administrator schedules a program,process, or plug-in to run automatically on all servers, PCs, anddevices in the enterprise so that all files can be scanned, whether ornot the administrator is aware of its existence, type, location, orcontents.

Referring to FIG. 36, an example of a system administrator's controlscreen in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention isshown. The control screen includes:

-   -   Definitions of the file types in the enterprise that may contain        sensitive information. These could include Microsoft Office®        files, PDF files, Oracle® databases, DB2® databases, Sybase®        databases, etc.    -   How often each file type in the enterprise is to be scanned for        sensitive information. This could be every day, week, or month        at a pre-defined time of day. In one preferred embodiment, when        unprotected information is matched it is automatically protected        as previously described.    -   Whether or not newly-protected information requires the person        responsible for that file to contact the system administrator.        For example, if a new Excel® file is located with sensitive        information, this might be in violation of company policy, or it        may require the person to explain how this file got on his or        her laptop, or it might require additional training. In one        embodiment, if this indicator is not set, then automatic access        is given to this person. Otherwise, he or she must contact the        system administrator to get permission to access the        newly-protected information.    -   The mask definitions for each type of sensitive information. For        example, a SSN could be in the mask of “nnn nn nnnn” or        “nnn-nn-nnnn” and must be 11 characters long.    -   The actions to take if the fields being scanned match one of the        defined masks. In one preferred embodiment an action could        include the automatic protection for just that field, for the        entire column in the file, or for the entire file.        Alternatively, the entire device could be locked until the user        contacts the system administrator.

New definitions can be added as needed. For example, the presentinvention permits new regulations to be centrally implemented andenforced without any changes to applications throughout the enterprise.

The present invention includes code that is sent to a program, process,or plug-in in each server, PC, and device in the enterprise. This coderuns at the specified interval to scan for sensitive information that isunprotected. In one preferred embodiment, each match performs thefollowing:

-   -   The field is protected by replacing it with a random pointer as        defined above.    -   A message is sent to the user about the action taken and/or what        to do or who to contact.    -   Details of the database or device, file name, file type, value        found, action taken, and whether the person is required to        contact the system administrator is consolidated and reported to        the appropriate person.

Referring now to FIG. 37, an example of a report format in accordancewith one embodiment of the present invention is shown. This report givesa central system administrator a detailed summary of sensitiveinformation potentially at risk in the enterprise and what actions wereautomatically taken. Additional features may include the trainingmessages sent to file owners who may be unaware of new regulations andhow they should be used, or the ability to add new and unique ways tocontrol all sensitive information in the enterprise.

Centralized Storage and Control of Sensitive Data

Referring to FIG. 38, any number of client applications may accesssecure server. This embodiment of the present invention provides:

-   -   A system administrator identifies fields containing root data: A        list is made of all enterprise fields that require protection by        secure server as defined above. Of these, those fields that        require additional control, including elimination of data        redundancy, increased regulatory compliance, and/or ongoing        innovation are identified. These become the “root data” fields.    -   Set up secure server and root document: Secure server is set up        to store and protect all fields that require protection. These        include root data fields, which collectively define the “root        document” for the enterprise. Referring now to FIG. 39, a root        document could contain Loan Number, Name, SSN, and Date of Birth        (DOB).    -   Populate the root document: Preferred embodiments for client        applications transferring data from various client storage to        secure storage include:        -   Batch updates.        -   Database triggers.        -   Progressive updates.        -   Communications packet inspection between application and            client storage.    -   When all client applications process fields in client storage        containing root data, or when these fields are protected for the        first time, each root data value is checked to see if it is        already in the root document in secure storage:        -   If it is not, then root data is added to root document and a            new random pointer is returned to replace the original field            value in client storage.        -   If it is, then the existing random pointer for this root            data is returned to replace the original field value in            client storage.            As such, only one copy of each root data value is stored in            secure storage and all references to it have the same random            pointer.

When all files in all client storage have been processed in this way,they contain no sensitive information or data—only random pointers toroot data in root document in secure storage. As a result, clientapplications have seamless, transparent access to root document values.

In one embodiment, additional steps are required to maintain theintegrity of root documents, including:

-   -   Modify root data: If an application has the authority to modify        root data, it updates the value in root document, thus making it        immediately and retroactively available to all client        applications in the enterprise.    -   Purge root data: If an application has the authority to purge        root data, it purges the value in root document, thus making it        immediately and retroactively unavailable to all client        applications in the enterprise.    -   Special processing: If there is special processing required for        any or all client applications, it only has to be done at the        root document level in secure storage. An example could be        managing a “watch list” of SSNs for Homeland Security. This is        significantly simpler, safer, and more cost-effective than        having to change, test, and coordinate all client applications.

Another embodiment is an index in secure storage that identifies thename and location of all client applications referencing the rootdocument. This simplifies complex tasks such as purging or updating allreferences to a root data in all client storage, for notificationappropriate people when additional compliance training is required, andfor preparing for compliance audits.

The present invention can be used to simplify additional complex tasks,including:

-   -   Y2K-type changes: In 2005, the U.S. Congress passed a measure to        begin daylight-saving time three weeks early—the first such time        change since 1986. A Computerworld poll showed that just 42% of        businesses were ready for this change. Not surprisingly, ABC        News ran a story titled Daylight Savings: Y2K All Over Again?        Whether or not this is a problem, businesses are woefully        prepared for these types of changes. The present invention        permits an enterprise to identify critical fields to be stored        in root documents so that enterprise-wide changes can be made        quickly and seamlessly.    -   European Data Directive compliance: The EU Directive sets the        standard for EU countries, as well as virtually all other        industrialized countries outside the U.S. In fact, most U.S.        state privacy regulations are following subsets of the EU        Directive. Its strict data management includes the requirement        for individual permissions to be granted before confidential        information can move from one country to another. The present        invention permits global access to sensitive information without        the need to move it from one country to another. In addition,        root documents provide additional compliance with the EU Data        Directive, such as the ability to give individuals access to all        of their personal information because it is stored in just one        location.    -   Digital Rights Management (DRM) control for enterprise        documents: Applications may use the present invention to keep        documents dynamically up-to-date. For example:        -   Product manuals may seamlessly refer to centralized            descriptions, pricing, and delivery information. This means            that PDF files, Excel® files, and Websites are always            dynamically updated with the most current information.        -   PowerPoint® presentations can always have up-to-date contact            information. Disposable email addresses can be used to            reduce spam.        -   Newspapers and newsletters can use root documents to create            dynamic content that is never out-of-date. This type of DRM            may generate additional revenue. For example, readers who            authenticates as paid subscribers may see one type of            content, while those who have not paid see another,            including an invitation to subscribe.        -   The present invention can be used to customize content for            each individual. For example, a catalogue could use root            documents to retrieve dynamic content that shows preferred            brands, colors, payment options, tax and freight, etc. for            each individual.

Eliminating Sensitive Data on Compromised or Stolen Devices

Referring to FIG. 40, sensitive information is never at risk because ithas been previously transferred to secure server. However, it may stillbe desirable for additional steps to be taken to protect a stolenlaptop, PDA, or any other device. This includes warning alarms at acentral secure server, denial of requests, and/or downloading softwarethat monitors behavior and/or destroys contents.

The present invention gives individuals direct, instant control of theirstolen device. Referring now to FIG. 41, one embodiment is shown. A useraccesses the Web to register the device or devices to enable instantdevice locking. In this embodiment, the person registers by entering areference number such as phone number, device description, and PIN codefor each device being registered.

When a device is stolen or missing, the person notifies the presentinvention as quickly as possible via a Touch-Tone® phone, IM message,text message, or Website to lock the device. In one preferredembodiment, the present invention instantly locks access to the centralserver to protect all sensitive information.

Referring now to FIG. 42, as soon as the person has Web access,additional instructions may be given to the device. With appropriatewarnings and authentication, the preferred embodiment instructionsinclude:

-   -   When the device connects to the Internet, deploy security by        destroying all data and/or system files. Additional security        methods, including destroying the functionality of the device,        can be used.    -   When the device connects to the Internet, deploy stealth        tracking. In the preferred embodiment, these include forwarding        copies of any text messages sent or received, phone numbers        dialed, recordings of any phone calls made, and/or take pictures        using the camera. Additional tracking methods can be used.    -   Immediately notify law enforcement and the device manufacturer.    -   Unlock the device in case it has been found. In this case, any        those parties initially will be told that the device has been        returned to its proper owner.        As a result, the present invention can provide: protection in        seconds without operator assistance; protection if the disk is        removed or used as slave; protection if the data is copied;        protection when booted in safe mode; protection when run        offline; assurance that copied data is protected; data security        between the time the device stolen and reported stolen;        protection for all devices; and data deletion controlled by the        user. Note that the present invention can be modified to add        additional authentication, security, tracking, notification, and        recovery methods and screens.

Referring to FIG. 43, if the plug-in is not on the device, then anyprotected files must have been transferred from another device and mayhave been stolen. As previously described these files use clear GIFimages and/or links pointing to one or more tracking Websites to notifythe secure server or other authority of the possible data theft. If theplug-in is on the device, it can check with the secure server to see ifthe device has been reported stolen. Again, FIG. 40 describes how secureserver can deny requests from, plant monitoring software on, and/ordestroy contents in the stolen device.

The present invention performs additional levels of security. Oneembodiment is a program that executes when the device is first bootedbefore the user gains control of the device. This could be with asystem-level driver, a change to the BIOS to call a program, or aWindows® driver. Note that the latter is less desirable because it canbe bypassed in Windows® Safe Mode. Additional ways to execute thisprogram before the user gains control of the device can also be used.

In one embodiment, the program does not ask the user to authenticate butcontacts the secure server to see if the device has been reportedstolen. If it has, then the device accepts and executes commands fromthe secure server.

In another embodiment, the program asks the user to authenticate.Passwords, biometrics, hardware devices, and/or some otherauthentication methods can be used.

If the user authenticates, the device boot sequence continues andcontrol is given to the user. This embodiment permits the device to beused when it is offline. In another embodiment, the device still usesthe program to contact the secure server to provide additionalprotection.

If the user does not authenticate, then the program tries to contact thesecure server. If a connection is not made, then the device locks anddoes not give control to the user. If a connection is made, the programreports the authentication failure and sees if the device has beenreported stolen. The device then accepts and executes commands from thesecure server.

In another embodiment, a GIF image is shown when an Excel® file isopened without the plug-in. As shown in FIG. 44, this GIF image mayinclude a link to get additional educational information and a link todownload the plug-in. Another embodiment is a warning that opening thisfile has already started a forensics process to trace the unauthorizedaccess to this file. The GIF image may be changed at any time to meetthe changing needs of the enterprise, the different risks the documentmay face, or any other business needs deemed necessary. When the file issaved, the plug-in may check with the secure server to see if a new GIFimage address is needed. Additional methods can be used to increase theease-of-use, education, installation, and/or security of the presentinvention.

Protecting Users from Counterfeit Items

Using the systems, devices and methods previously described, the presentinvention can be used to imprint a globally-unique random serial numberor code on a label or item in such a way that the contract manufactureror third party does not have any control over the globally-unique randomserial number or code. For example, the device is imprints the uniquerandom serial number or code on the label or item using: (1) apre-content manager and a post-content manager (e.g., FIG. 33 and FIG.35 (Client A)); or (2) a post-content manager without the pre-contentmanager (e.g., FIG. 35 (Client B)). In FIG. 35, Client A is the owner orprimary manufacturer and Client B is the contract manufacturer or thirdparty. The secure server can be operated by Client A or a third-partyprovider. The Client A media device sends or transmits the informationneeded by Client B for a manufacturing or production run of the items orlabels for Client A. The information may include both sensitive andnon-sensitive data/information wherein the sensitive data includes thepointers corresponding to the unique random serial numbers or codesstored on the secure server. The Client B media device imprints theunique random serial number or code on the label or item using thepost-content manager, which obtains the unique random serial numbers orcodes from the secure server using the pointers.

In one scenario, the primary manufacturer or owner generates the uniquerandom serial number or code and sends it to the secure server as“sensitive data”, which is then accessed by a media device using thepointer to imprint the unique random serial number or code on the item.The unique random serial number or code can be reused after a specifiedtime period whenever the item, label, or label attached to the item hasa limited life expectancy (e.g., cigarettes, perishable goods or otherconsumables). Moreover, the unique random serial number or code can begeographic specific and reused in other geographic locations. The mediadevice can be a printer, a plotter, a label maker, a copier, aninscribing device, a stamping machine, an etching machine or acombination thereof. A customer, user or subsequent purchaser can usethe unique random number serial number or code to authenticate the itemor label (e.g., authentic, counterfeit, grey market, locationrestriction, previously sold, rejected batch, etc.), determine whetheran expiration date associated with the item or label has been exceeded,or other desired type of authentication/verification.

In another scenario, the primary manufacturer or owner does not generatethe unique random serial number or code; the secure server does. As aresult, a third party can monitor the actual production runs of amanufacturer to detect illegal or unauthorized production by a contractmanufacturer. Moreover, the secure server could monitor or poll thedevice to detect attempts to circumvent the system (e.g., tampering,production runs that do not use the secure server supplied unique randomserial numbers or codes, unexplained or unexpected loss of communicationwith the device, etc.). The present invention can also be used to trackthe items through the supply chain and/or record a chain of title.

Referring now to FIG. 45, the present invention provides a system forauthentication of an item or a label that includes one or more clients(e.g., contract manufacturers) and a server communicably coupled to theone or more clients. Each client has a data storage, a post-contentmanager and one or more media devices communicably coupled to the clientstorage and the post-content manager. Note that the post-content managercan be embedded or integrated into the media device (e.g., a plug-in, anapplication or other interface). Note also that the data storage can beany type of electronic data storage and may also include physical orelectronic media. The server stores one or more unique random serialnumbers or codes in a secure storage that can be used to authenticatethe item or the label, generates a pointer to each stored unique randomserial number or code, and sends the generated pointer(s) to the clientfor use or for storage in the client data storage. Alternatively, theunique random serial number(s) or code(s) can be generated by the owneror the primary manufacturer and transmitted securely to the server. Theserver can be operated by an owner, a primary manufacturer or agent(third party) of the owner or primary manufacturer. As a result, thecontract manufacturer does not have access to or control over the uniquerandom serial number(s) or code(s).

During or prior to a production run of the item(s) or label(s), thepost-content manager obtains the generated pointer(s) from the mediadevice, obtains the unique random serial number(s) or code(s) from theserver using the generated pointer(s), and transmits the obtained uniquerandom serial number(s) or code(s) to the media device. The media devicethen imprints the received unique random serial number(s) or code(s) onthe item(s) or the label(s). The labels are printed and attached to theitems, and the items can be any type of manufactured or assembledproduct. The media device can be controlled by one or more applications(not shown) that control the manufacturing or labeling process and/orinterface with the client data storage. The pointer(s) can be requestedby the one or more clients as part of a production run of the items orlabels. The one or more clients may include a computer, a laptopcomputer, a handheld computer, a desktop computer, a workstation, a dataterminal, a manufacturing controller or a combination thereof. The mediadevices may include a printer, a plotter, a label maker, a copier, aninscribing device, a stamping machine, an etching machine or acombination thereof. The server can be communicably coupled to the oneor more clients via a computer network, a telecommunications network, awireless communications link, a physical connection, a landline, asatellite communications link, an optical communications link, acellular network or a combination thereof.

The unique random serial number(s) or code(s) can be combined with acontact information or a security mechanism. The contact information mayinclude a phone number, a web address, an instant messaging address, acommunications address, or a combination thereof, such that the contactinformation can be used to certify the authenticity of the item orlabel. The security mechanism may include a special ink, a specialthread, a special code, a holographic symbol, or a combination thereof.

The server can be used to monitor the production run to detect illegalor unauthorized production of the item(s) or label(s), and detects anyattempt to circumvent the system. The server may also include anapplication program interface layer, an authentication layer coupled tothe application program layer, a plug-in layer coupled to theauthentication layer, a data layer coupled to the plug-in layer, and anevents layer coupled to the data layer, the plug-in layer and theauthentication layer. Access to and storage of the unique random serialnumber(s) or code(s) can be governed by one or more rules. Thepointer(s) can be subsequently used to access the unique random serialnumber(s) or code(s) after proper authentication. In addition, thecommunications between the server and the client can be encrypted.

Now referring to FIG. 46, the system may also include a pre-contentmanager on each client communicably coupled to the client storage, thepost-content manager and the media device. In this case, the pre-contentmanager receives the pointer(s) indicating where the unique randomserial number(s) or code(s) has been stored in the secure storage andstores the pointer(s) in the client data storage. In addition, thepost-content manager obtains the unique random serial number(s) orcode(s) from the server via the pre-content manager using the pointer(s)instead of directly from the server.

The pre-content manager may also receives a first request from one ormore applications for data stored on the data storage, determine whetherthe requested data includes the unique random serial number(s) orcode(s) or a non-sensitive data, provide the non-sensitive data to thepost-content manager or to the one or more applications, and perform thefollowing steps whenever the requested data includes the unique randomserial number(s) or code(s): sends a second request containing thepointer(s) to a server that authenticates the second request, denies thefirst request whenever the authentication fails, and receives andprovides the unique random serial number(s) or code(s) to thepost-content manager whenever the authentication succeeds. In addition,the pre-content manager can perform one or more corrective ordestructive actions whenever the authentication fails and the client isdetermined to be compromised, lost or stolen

The post-content manager may also perform the following steps wheneverthe post-content manager receives the unique random serial number(s) orcode(s) from the server or the pre-content manager: send one or moreauthentication codes to the pre-content manager or the server, acceptthe unique random serial number(s) or code(s) whenever the one or moreauthentication codes is accepted by the server or the pre-contentmanager, and reject the unique random serial number(s) or code(s)whenever the one or more authentication codes is rejected by thepre-content manger or the server.

In addition, the present invention provides an apparatus forauthentication of an item or a label that includes a communicationsinterface to a remote server having a secure storage, a client datastorage, one or more media devices communicably coupled to the datastorage, and a post-content manager communicably coupled with the servervia the communications interface and the media device. The remote serverstores one or more unique random serial numbers or codes in the securestorage that can be used to authenticate the item or the label andgenerates a pointer to each stored unique random serial number or code.The generated pointer(s) are stored on the client data storage. Duringor prior to a production run of the item(s) or label(s): (a) thepost-content manager obtains the generated pointer(s) from the mediadevice, obtains the unique random serial number(s) or code(s) from theserver using the generated pointer(s), and transmits the obtained uniquerandom serial number(s) or code(s) to the one or more media devices, and(b) the media device imprint the received unique random serial number(s)or code(s) on the item(s) or the label(s).

Moreover, the present invention provides a method for authentication ofan item or a label by storing one or more unique random serial numbersor codes in a remote secure storage that can be used to authenticate theitem or the label, generating a pointer to each stored unique randomserial number or code and storing the generated pointer(s) in a datastorage of a client. During or prior to a production run of the item(s)or label(s): (a) the generated point(s) are sent from the data storageof the client to one or more media devices, (b) the generated pointer(s)are obtained from the media device using a post-content manager, (c) theunique random serial number(s) or code(s) are obtained from the servervia the post-content manager using the generated pointer(s), (d) theobtained unique random serial number(s) or code(s) are sent to the mediadevice, and (e) the received unique random serial number(s) or code(s)are imprinted on the item(s) or the label(s) using the media device. Themethod can be implemented by a computer program embodied on a computerreadable medium wherein the method steps are executed by one or codesegments.

The pre-content manager can also perform the following steps: receivinga first request for data stored on the data storage; determining whetherthe requested data includes the unique random serial number(s) orcode(s); providing the requested data whenever the requested dataincludes a non-sensitive data; and performing the following stepswhenever the requested data includes the unique random serial number(s)or code(s): sending a second request containing the pointer(s) to theserver, authenticating the second request, denying the second requestwhenever the authentication fails, retrieving the unique random serialnumber(s) or code(s) using the pointer(s) and sending the unique randomserial number(s) or code(s) to one or more media devices whenever theauthentication succeeds. In addition, the pre-content manager canreceive one or more authentication codes from the post-content manager,validate the one or more authentication codes, and transmit the uniquerandom serial number(s) or code(s) whenever the one or moreauthentication codes are valid.

The post-content manager can also perform the following steps: sendingone or more authentication codes to the pre-content manager or server;and transmitting the unique random serial number(s) or code(s) to one ormore media devices whenever the one or more authentication codes areaccepted by the pre-content manager or server.

In one embodiment, the globally-unique random serial number or code(e.g., 132-112-435-111-2) is combined with contact information asillustrated in FIGS. 47A-C. The contact information can be a phonenumber for phone certification or text messaging certification (FIG.47A), a Web address for PC, laptop, or PDA certification (FIG. 47B), aninstant messaging address for an instant messaging device (FIG. 47C),other suitable communications address, or a combination thereof. Thecontact information can also be generated and controlled by the secureserver. Also note that the universal question mark sign, which is commonfor many languages, can be used along with the unique random serialnumber or code. Moreover, the label or imprint can have a “scratch off”portion or be combined with other security measures, such as specialinks, threads, codes, holographic symbols, etc.

Referring to FIG. 48A, labels are printed or attached to individualproduct items (as shown) or the information is imprinted directly on theitem before the items enter the supply chain. The items can be anymanufactured product, e.g., drugs, books, CDs, DVDs, equipment,clothing, accessories, or anything that someone might want tocounterfeit. At any time, anyone can use the contact information tocontact secure server either by phone (including text messaging),instant messaging device, or Web-enabled device. In particular, anyone,such as a potential consumer, can use the present invention to certifythat the item being purchased is authentic against: (1) a missing orinvalid serial number; (2) the item has been previously sold and is notsupposed to be resold; (3) an item beyond its expiration date; (4) anitem is outside its authorized location (e.g., grey market goods);and/or (5) the item is part of a rejected or recalled batch. If it isnot, then the person is immediately notified and certification fails.The notification or confirmation message to the person may includeinstructions, promotional message(s), advertising or other information.In addition, secure server can immediately notify the proper authorities(e.g., law enforcement or governmental authority, primary manufacturer,distributor, retailer, etc.) and take additional actions as deemednecessary. Note that the customer's device does not require any specialsoftware or hardware, so that prepaid phones/pay phones or other “dumb”devices can be used in third world or remote locates to check thecertification of an item.

Similarly with respect to FIG. 48B, the same steps from FIG. 46A may betaken to certify a service that is represented by, for example, anaccompanied support manual or printed certificate. In this case theproper authorities may also include a publisher or training center, etc.Anyone with a phone or Web-enabled device can use the present inventionto quickly certify that the service being considered is genuine.

FIG. 49 refers to one embodiment of a phone call using the presentinvention. The sequence of questions and secure server actions are shownas a caller tries to certify the authenticity of a product or service:

-   -   Three questions are asked:        -   the serial number of the item being certified        -   the retail identifier where the item is located, and        -   whether the item is being purchased.    -   The serial number is used to perform item certification,        including:        -   serial number is missing or invalid,        -   item has been previously sold,        -   item's expiration date has expired,        -   item in wrong location (for protection against grey market            products and services), and        -   item's manufacturing batch has been rejected.    -   If the item certification fails:        -   the caller is informed,        -   the retailer identification is requested,        -   the proper authorities are notified,        -   the log file is updated, and        -   another serial number is requested.    -   If the item certification passes:        -   the caller is informed,        -   the caller is asked if the item is being purchased,        -   if being purchased, the retailer identification is            requested,        -   the log file is updated, and        -   the phone call is terminated.            Note that the process/questions can be changed to            accommodate Web access, IM access, or text messaging.            Moreover, location information can be obtained from the            communications device rather than the user or retailer            information. Non verbal communication can also be used—once            the code has been entered, a color or tone representing            certification pass/fail is sent to the device.

One embodiment of managing items that fail certification includesmultiple notification actions:

Notify Notify Manufacturer Law Enforcement Previously sold: this serialnumber has previously been sold and Call immediately Call immediatelyshould not be sold again Expiration: this serial number is being soldoutside the timeframe Just log n/a defined by the product batch andshould not be sold Location: this serial number is being sold outsidethe intended Just log Call immediately location defined by the productbatch and should not be sold Batch: this serial number is being soldfrom a batch that has been Call immediately Call immediately rejectedand should not be sold

In another embodiment similar questions and answers are entered into aWeb-enabled device, such as a PC, laptop, or PDA. In yet anotherembodiment the serial number is sent to secure server by instantmessenger device and the answers are returned in a text message.

Referring now to FIG. 50, the database tables managing one embodiment ofthe present invention are shown. The contents and function of each tableare described:

-   -   Manufacturers (primary): contains firms or entities that want to        use the present invention to protect its products or services        from counterfeit and diversion threats. A primary manufacturer        controls the products, batches, retailers, and enforcement        tables that are required to deliver certified products and        services to consumers.    -   Products: contains the details of the various products and        services controlled by a primary manufacturer.    -   Batches: contains manufacturing details for products or        services. In one embodiment, all items in a batch have a common        manufacturer, product description, intended location, and        expiration date. If an item in a batch is found to be        counterfeit, the manufacturer has the option to immediately        invalidate the entire batch or just specific serial numbers in        that batch. In another embodiment, additional actions may be        taken for invalid batches, such as additional tracing        procedures. Batch processing puts additional pressure on all        parties to control the quality of products and services in the        supply chain.    -   Batch Log: contains information related to each batch, such as        its movement through the supply chain.    -   Super-item (optional): is another embodiment that uses groupings        of products, such as all bottles of pills on a pallet. In some        applications, this would permit a more streamlined management of        products and services as they move through the supply chain.    -   Items: contains individual products or services in a specific        batch. In the pharmaceutical industry, an item could be a bottle        of pills. The present invention assigns each item with a        globally-unique random serial number that may be used to        identify things such as the manufacturer, product, batch,        intended location, and expiration date.    -   Sub-item (optional): is another embodiment where products where        each item is made up of multiple smaller items. In the        pharmaceutical industry, an item could be a bottle of pills and        the sub-item could be each pill in the bottle. RFID technology        is advancing to the point where each pill can contain an eatable        tag and therefore be uniquely identified. This embodiment        includes tracking each pill, thus further reducing the economic        benefit by reducing the size of a run of counterfeit items.    -   Item Log: contains all activity for the specific a item,        including when it was sold and by which retailer. Optionally,        additional information can be logged such as the number of times        the item was considered for sale before the actual sale        occurred.    -   Enforcement: contains the contact information to be used by the        present invention when a suspected counterfeit item is        identified.    -   Retailers: contains the information about the various retailers        selling items for each manufacturer. In one embodiment, the        location of the retailer can be used to validate the location of        the item being sold. This is much more specific and granular        than, for example, using the phone number being called to        validate the location of a serial number being certified.    -   Retailer Log: contains all activity related to this retailer,        including items sold, consumer ratings, etc.    -   Consumers (optional): In another embodiment the present        invention requests or automatically captures caller        identification so that the purchase intent and behavior can be        logged for later analysis. This caller identity can be matched        with product details to warn of drug conflicts, special        promotions, and other personalized services.

The present invention may be used to protect any product, such as Guccibags, or service, such as medical training manuals that can be uniquelyidentified. The present invention is unique because it removes theeconomic benefit of mass-producing counterfeit products or services, andby removing the diversion of products and services to locations outsidethe intended market.

It will be understood by those of skill in the art that information andsignals may be represented using any of a variety of differenttechnologies and techniques (e.g., data, instructions, commands,information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips may be represented byvoltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles,optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof). Likewise, thevarious illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithmsteps described herein may be implemented as electronic hardware,computer software, or combinations of both, depending on the applicationand functionality. Moreover, the various logical blocks, modules, andcircuits described herein may be implemented or performed with a generalpurpose processor (e.g., microprocessor, conventional processor,controller, microcontroller, state machine or combination of computingdevices), a digital signal processor (“DSP”), an application specificintegrated circuit (“ASIC”), a field programmable gate array (“FPGA”) orother programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic,discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed toperform the functions described herein. Similarly, steps of a method orprocess described herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in asoftware module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two.A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory,EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, aCD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. Althoughpreferred embodiments of the present invention have been described indetail, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that variousmodifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

1. An apparatus for authentication of one or more item(s) or one or morelabel(s) comprising: one or more processors; a communications interfacecommunicably coupled to the one or more processors; one or more mediadevices communicably coupled to the one or more processors; one or morememory devices communicably coupled to the one or more processors,wherein at least one of the memory devices contain non-transitorycomputer readable instructions when executed by at least one of theprocessors causes the processor(s) during or prior to a production runof the item(s) or label(s) to perform the steps of obtaining a pointerto each of one or more unique random serial numbers or codes that areused to authenticate the item(s) or label(s) from the one or more mediadevices, obtaining the unique random serial number(s) or code(s) from aserver device via the communications interface using the pointer(s), andtransmitting the obtained unique random serial number(s) or code(s) tothe one or more media devices; and wherein the media device(s) imprintthe received unique random serial number(s) or code(s) on the item(s) orthe label(s).
 2. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the uniquerandom serial number(s) or code(s) are generated by the server device.3. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein: the apparatus isoperated by a contract manufacturer and the server device is operated byan owner, a primary manufacturer or agent of the owner or the primarymanufacturer; the contract manufacturer does not have access to orcontrol over the unique random serial number(s) or code(s); and thelabels are printed and attached to the items.
 4. The apparatus asrecited in claim 3, wherein the unique random serial number(s) orcode(s) are generated by the owner or the primary manufacturer andtransmitted securely to the server device.
 5. The apparatus as recitedin claim 1, wherein the pointer(s) are requested as part of a productionrun of the items or labels.
 6. The apparatus as recited in claim 1,wherein: the apparatus comprises a computer, a laptop computer, ahandheld computer, a desktop computer, a workstation, a data terminal, amanufacturing controller or a combination thereof; and the server deviceis communicably coupled to the communications interface via a computernetwork, a telecommunications network, a wireless communications link, aphysical connection, a landline, a satellite communications link, anoptical communications link, a cellular network or a combinationthereof.
 7. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the mediadevices comprise a printer, a plotter, a label maker, a copier, aninscribing device, a stamping machine, an etching machine or acombination thereof.
 8. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein theitems comprise a manufactured product.
 9. The apparatus as recited inclaim 1, wherein the unique random serial number(s) or code(s) arecombined with a contact information or a security mechanism.
 10. Theapparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the contact informationcomprises a phone number, a web address, an instant messaging address, acommunications address, or a combination thereof.
 11. The apparatus asrecited in claim 1, wherein the contact information is used to certifythe authenticity of the item or label, or determine whether anexpiration date associated with the item or label has been exceeded. 12.The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein an authenticityconfirmation, an authenticity denial, the expiration date, one or moreinstructions, promotions or advertisements, or a combination thereof areprovided whenever the contact information is used.
 13. The apparatus asrecited in claim 1, wherein the security mechanism comprises ascratch-off portion, a special ink, a special thread, a special code, aholographic symbol, or a combination thereof.
 14. The apparatus asrecited in claim 1, wherein the server device monitors the productionrun to detect illegal or unauthorized production of the item(s) orlabel(s), and detects any attempt to circumvent the system.
 15. Theapparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the one or more processorsperform one or more corrective or destructive actions whenever theauthentication fails and the apparatus is determined to be compromised,lost or stolen.
 16. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein thecommunications between the server device and the one or more processorsare encrypted.
 17. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein theserver device further comprises: an application program interface layer;an authentication layer coupled to the application program layer; aplug-in layer coupled to the authentication layer; a data layer coupledto the plug-in layer; and an events layer coupled to the data layer, theplug-in layer and the authentication layer.
 18. The apparatus as recitedin claim 1, wherein the pointer(s) is subsequently used to access theunique random serial number(s) or code(s) after proper authentication.19. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein access to and storageof the unique random serial number(s) or code(s) is governed by one ormore rules.
 20. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the one ormore media devices further performs the following steps whenever the oneor more media devices receives the unique random serial number(s) orcode(s) from the server device or the one or more processors: sends oneor more authentication codes to the server device or the one or moreprocessors, accepts the unique random serial number(s) or code(s)whenever the one or more authentication codes is accepted by the serverdevice or the one or more processors, and rejects the unique randomserial number(s) or code(s) whenever the one or more authenticationcodes is rejected by the server device or the one or more processors.21. An apparatus for authentication of one or more item(s) or one ormore label(s) comprising: a communications interface; and one or moremedia devices communicably coupled to the communications interface,wherein the one or more media devices contain non-transitory computerreadable instructions when executed by at least one of the media devicescauses the media device(s) during or prior to a production run of theitem(s) or label(s) to perform the steps of obtaining a pointer to eachof one or more unique random serial numbers or codes that are used toauthenticate the item(s) or label(s), obtaining the unique random serialnumber(s) or code(s) from a server device via the communicationsinterface using the pointer(s), and imprint the received unique randomserial number(s) or code(s) on the item(s) or the label(s).
 22. Theapparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein the unique random serialnumber(s) or code(s) are generated by the server device.
 23. Theapparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein: the apparatus is operated bya contract manufacturer and the server device is operated by an owner, aprimary manufacturer or agent of the owner or the primary manufacturer;the contract manufacturer does not have access to or control over theunique random serial number(s) or code(s); and the labels are printedand attached to the items.
 24. The apparatus as recited in claim 23,wherein the unique random serial number(s) or code(s) are generated bythe owner or the primary manufacturer and transmitted securely to theserver device.
 25. The apparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein thepointer(s) are requested as part of a production run of the items orlabels.
 26. The apparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein: the apparatuscomprises a computer, a laptop computer, a handheld computer, a desktopcomputer, a workstation, a data terminal, a manufacturing controller ora combination thereof; and the server device is communicably coupled tothe communications interface via a computer network, atelecommunications network, a wireless communications link, a physicalconnection, a landline, a satellite communications link, an opticalcommunications link, a cellular network or a combination thereof. 27.The apparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein the media devices comprisea printer, a plotter, a label maker, a copier, an inscribing device, astamping machine, an etching machine or a combination thereof.
 28. Theapparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein the items comprise amanufactured product.
 29. The apparatus as recited in claim 21, whereinthe unique random serial number(s) or code(s) are combined with acontact information or a security mechanism.
 30. The apparatus asrecited in claim 21, wherein the contact information comprises a phonenumber, a web address, an instant messaging address, a communicationsaddress, or a combination thereof.
 31. The apparatus as recited in claim21, wherein the contact information is used to certify the authenticityof the item or label, or determine whether an expiration date associatedwith the item or label has been exceeded.
 32. The apparatus as recitedin claim 21, wherein an authenticity confirmation, an authenticitydenial, the expiration date, one or more instructions, promotions oradvertisements, or a combination thereof are provided whenever thecontact information is used.
 33. The apparatus as recited in claim 21,wherein the security mechanism comprises a scratch-off portion, aspecial ink, a special thread, a special code, a holographic symbol, ora combination thereof.
 34. The apparatus as recited in claim 21, whereinthe server device monitors the production run to detect illegal orunauthorized production of the item(s) or label(s), and detects anyattempt to circumvent the system.
 35. The apparatus as recited in claim21, wherein the one or more media devices perform one or more correctiveor destructive actions whenever the authentication fails and theapparatus is determined to be compromised, lost or stolen.
 36. Theapparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein the communications between theserver device and the one or more media devices are encrypted.
 37. Theapparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein the server device furthercomprises: an application program interface layer; an authenticationlayer coupled to the application program layer; a plug-in layer coupledto the authentication layer; a data layer coupled to the plug-in layer;and an events layer coupled to the data layer, the plug-in layer and theauthentication layer.
 38. The apparatus as recited in claim 21, whereinthe pointer(s) is subsequently used to access the unique random serialnumber(s) or code(s) after proper authentication.
 39. The apparatus asrecited in claim 21, wherein access to and storage of the unique randomserial number(s) or code(s) is governed by one or more rules.
 40. Theapparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein the one or more media devicesfurther performs the following steps whenever the one or more mediadevices receives the unique random serial number(s) or code(s) from theserver device: sends one or more authentication codes to the serverdevice, accepts the unique random serial number(s) or code(s) wheneverthe one or more authentication codes is accepted by the server device,and rejects the unique random serial number(s) or code(s) whenever theone or more authentication codes is rejected by the server device. 41.An apparatus for authentication of one or more item(s) or one or morelabel(s) comprising: one or more processors; a communications interfacecommunicably coupled to the one or more processors; one or more memorydevices communicably coupled to the one or more processors; one or moremedia devices communicably coupled to the one or more processors;wherein at least one of the memory devices contain a first set ofnon-transitory computer readable instructions when executed by at leastone of the processors causes the processor(s) during or prior to aproduction of the item(s) or label(s) to perform the steps of receivinga pointer to each of one or more unique random serial numbers or codesthat are used to authenticate the item(s) or label(s) from the one ormore media devices, obtaining the unique random serial number(s) orcode(s) from a server device via a communications interface using thepointer(s); and wherein at least one of the media devices contain asecond set of non-transitory computer readable instructions whenexecuted by at least one of the media devices causes the media devicesto perform the steps of obtaining the unique random serial number(s) orcode(s) from the one or more processors using the pointer(s), andimprinting the received unique random serial number(s) or code(s) on theitem(s) or the label(s).
 42. The apparatus as recited in claim 41,wherein the unique random serial number(s) or code(s) are generated bythe server device.
 43. The apparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein:the apparatus is operated by a contract manufacturer and the serverdevice is operated by an owner, a primary manufacturer or agent of theowner or the primary manufacturer; the contract manufacturer does nothave access to or control over the unique random serial number(s) orcode(s); and the labels are printed and attached to the items.
 44. Theapparatus as recited in claim 43, wherein the unique random serialnumber(s) or code(s) are generated by the owner or the primarymanufacturer and transmitted securely to the server device.
 45. Theapparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein the pointer(s) are requestedas part of a production run of the items or labels.
 46. The apparatus asrecited in claim 41, wherein: the apparatus comprises a computer, alaptop computer, a handheld computer, a desktop computer, a workstation,a data terminal, a manufacturing controller or a combination thereof;and the server device is communicably coupled to the communicationsinterface via a computer network, a telecommunications network, awireless communications link, a physical connection, a landline, asatellite communications link, an optical communications link, acellular network or a combination thereof.
 47. The apparatus as recitedin claim 41, wherein the media devices comprise a printer, a plotter, alabel maker, a copier, an inscribing device, a stamping machine, anetching machine or a combination thereof.
 48. The apparatus as recitedin claim 41, wherein the items comprise a manufactured product.
 49. Theapparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein the unique random serialnumber(s) or code(s) are combined with a contact information or asecurity mechanism.
 50. The apparatus as recited in claim 41, whereinthe contact information comprises a phone number, a web address, aninstant messaging address, a communications address, or a combinationthereof.
 51. The apparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein the contactinformation is used to certify the authenticity of the item or label, ordetermine whether an expiration date associated with the item or labelhas been exceeded.
 52. The apparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein anauthenticity confirmation, an authenticity denial, the expiration date,one or more instructions, promotions or advertisements, or a combinationthereof are provided whenever the contact information is used.
 53. Theapparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein the security mechanismcomprises a scratch-off portion, a special ink, a special thread, aspecial code, a holographic symbol, or a combination thereof.
 54. Theapparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein the server device monitors theproduction run to detect illegal or unauthorized production of theitem(s) or label(s), and detects any attempt to circumvent the system.55. The apparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein the one or moreprocessors perform one or more corrective or destructive actionswhenever the authentication fails and the apparatus is determined to becompromised, lost or stolen.
 56. The apparatus as recited in claim 41,wherein the communications between the server device and the one or moreprocessors are encrypted.
 57. The apparatus as recited in claim 41,wherein the server device further comprises: an application programinterface layer; an authentication layer coupled to the applicationprogram layer; a plug-in layer coupled to the authentication layer; adata layer coupled to the plug-in layer; and an events layer coupled tothe data layer, the plug-in layer and the authentication layer.
 58. Theapparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein the pointer(s) is subsequentlyused to access the unique random serial number(s) or code(s) afterproper authentication.
 59. The apparatus as recited in claim 41, whereinaccess to and storage of the unique random serial number(s) or code(s)is governed by one or more rules.
 60. The apparatus as recited in claim41, further comprising: a data storage communicably coupled to the oneor more processors; and wherein the first set of non-transitory computerreadable instructions when executed by at least one the processorscauses the processor(s) to store the pointer(s) in the data storage. 61.The apparatus as recited in claim 60, wherein the one or more processorsfurther receives a first request from one or more applications for datastored on the data storage, determines whether the requested dataincludes the unique random serial number(s) or code(s) or anon-sensitive data, provides the non-sensitive data to the one or moremedia devices or to the one or more applications, and performs thefollowing steps whenever the requested data includes the unique randomserial number(s) or code(s): sends a second request containing thepointer(s) to the server device that authenticates the second request,denies the first request whenever the authentication fails, and receivesand provides the unique random serial number(s) or code(s) to the one ormore media devices or to the one or more applications whenever theauthentication succeeds.
 62. The apparatus as recited in claim 41,wherein the one or more media devices further performs the followingsteps whenever the one or more media devices receives the unique randomserial number(s) or code(s) from the server device or the one or moreprocessors: sends one or more authentication codes to the server deviceor the one or more processors, accepts the unique random serialnumber(s) or code(s) whenever the one or more authentication codes isaccepted by the server device or the one or more processors, and rejectsthe unique random serial number(s) or code(s) whenever the one or moreauthentication codes is rejected by the server device or the one or moreprocessors.